Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwoods the Handmaids Tale Essay Example for Free

Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwoods the Handmaids Tale renderMargaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale delves well into the horrid nature of extreme control and immoral limitations in defining the corrupt theocratic administration at large, and more specifically the effect this control has on the participations women. In an age in which a newly emerged and merciless governmental system called the Republic of Gilead has put life back to the middle ages, sparked by a widespread panic of infertility, personal lay offdom and individuality have fetch unimaginably reduced (Genny 1). Handmaids selected to live in the houses of wealthy, well-respected couples go through a life entirely designed by the government for the sole purpose of carriage children. Caught between following the strict rules made for women by the Republic and breaking them in secret for the sake of her sanity, the protagonist Offred essentially but not purposefully offers close to nothing f or her societys benefit.Not allowed to read, write, speak her thoughts or even look more or less some other in the eye, the most she can offer proves to be occasional, well-monitored grocery errands and the slight possibility of providing the gift of life for an elite Commander and his Wife. Parallel to a dystopia in which Offred has been stripped of the most simplistic allowances, women in instantlys various Middle Eastern societies find relatively equal difficulty in utilizing their strengths due to the severe suppression and getd structure of their fooling lives.Regardless of the varying context of these two scenarios, they both present themselves problematically in light of womens personal struggle to contribute in societyin both Atwoods The Handmaids Tale and the modern Middle East, seemingly unethical yet extreme theocratic government exercises examples of much(prenominal)(prenominal) radically unformed control over its people that the exploitation and demeaning of the natural rights of women vex prevalent.But on what grounds should the male citizens of the Republic of Gilead and those in todays foreign communities be granted more liberation and prospect while the women are held more captive of their own independence? As Offred finds herself trapped in such an unreasonably restrained living situation, she instinctively recognizes the current lack of available free will because she once knew what freedom looked and mat like.For example, in opposition of her training as a handmaid with the Aunts, she cannot help but wander her ind back to the pre-Republic days thousands of years before, when she and fellow females could genuinely go to school and watch movies of the rest of the world that even included dancing, singing, ceremonial masks, and music, clearly taking place in a land where peoplewere smart (Atwood 118). Offred as well as other handmaids in her place inevitably suffer inwardly their reality by trying to maintain a ambit on the memo ries of such privileges they once took for granted, such as real television to promote quality education.Instead of living the naturally liberal life of opportunity that was once available to Offred and existed in her home and school life, such a vision has been taken away by the government and exists now only in her memory, as the Aunts present to her and the other potential handmaids a government-approved film with the title and few names blacked outwith a crayon so they couldnt read themanother example of a ludicrous constraint, reading, that could have instilled fruitful possibilities in the mind of a woman (Atwood 119).In addition, as if the recollection of accredited education and other past events were not enough a cause of longing, Offred also recalls the fearless, empowering spirits of her late loved onesparticularly her mother whom she spots in the film, wearing the affable of outfit Aunt Lydia told the handmaids was typical of Unwomen in those days while smiling, laughin gand raising her fists in the air (Atwood 119).To witness such a wild and free spirit in action, that once was allowed for women but has been officially banned by the radical Christian followings of the Republic of Gilead, undoubtedly sparks a deep temptation within handmaids to rebel against this authority inflicting such unacceptable losses of intellectual liberty however, such a temptation proves to be a challenge to pursue for some women today (Tolan 1).While the initial teachings of Islam attempted to improve living conditions for Islamic women by granting them some of the same rights as men in the seventh century, women be act incapable of endorsing these rights when their society attempts to enforce the laws of the Islamic religion, described by the Columbia University professors who wrote At the Crossroads of the World Women in the Middle East Today, many Muslim women do not have the opportunity to enjoy rights once considered theirs by their religion.Women may be unaware o f their rights or live in societies where these rights have been misinterpreted or misrepresented by individuals in power (be it the state, culture, or family). In Muslim countries around the world, there is a fundamental difference between what is prescribed by religious texts and what is actually practiced, a gulf between the ideal and the real (Esposito 1998, xiii).Often, the purportedly religiously grounded restrictions placed on women within certain societies have small-scale or nothing to do with the teachings of Islam. More often they are a function of socioeconomic and political factors. Recent examples of such restrictions included Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, which prohibited women from receiving medical exam attention from males and placed other restrictions on their movement in public (Revolutionary Association of the Women in Afghanistan)(Crocco, Pervez, and Katz 110).At most, these women are granted with the illusion that they possess legalise freedoms, when in a ctuality their government prohibits this execution with the false justification that it simply conforms to the Islamic religion. The handmaids and all women alike governed by the Republic of Gilead correspondingly must follow the rules of the regime that claims to be operating in the name of the Christian faith in an attempt to validate its restrictive essence.Thus, no question exists as to how Offred becomes increasingly rash with her actions and behaviors, or to why in the end there is the strong possibility that her recklessness has cost her her life (Genny 1). Most emphatically does Offreds situation come off as unjust when she finally experiences a small taste of the natural freedom she once had but still deserves. Because it is obviously an oasis of the forbidden, she has to force herself to holdabsolutely rigid when the Commander invites her into his off-limits personal turf to play a game of Scrabble, something harmless, yet banned.Despite the fact that shes terrified, Offre d still recognizes that this is freedom an eyeblink of it, as if he were offering her drugs (Atwood 138-139). While Atwood implies in her novel that feminist utopianism cannot avoid the taint of totalitarianism, she employs the concept of defiance in that Offred can nourish her natural tendencies to actually enjoy herself through breaking the rules (Tolan 30).Similarly for the women in Iraq, the Baath Party that emerged in 1963 sought provisions for womens equality, including the liberties of education and employment however, outside the major urban center of Baghdad, the society still relegated Iraqi women to a very inferior position vis-a-vis men (Brown and Romano 1). To maintain two adjacent communities with such contrasting ways of governing women is arguably contradicting and therefore, a cause for concern.Ultimately, women have simplistically natural rights that ought not to be rendered in the least, especially by illegitimate theocratic governments. Under no circumstances ar e the rights to thought, decision, reading, and writing, among many others, capable of being outlawed justifiably, regardless of gender. With such liberties, women carry great potential in change to society, despite the possibility of infertility or radically religious devotionand in a lot of cases, that contribution can be imperative.Today in Iraq, a woman cannot own private property or hold any status, while forced to give up her education and marry a stranger. However, women still make up 65% percent of the population, and make up 70% of the agricultural workforce (Al-Jawaheri and Harris). Though they continue to fight for the equal rights and discourse they deserve while accepting their low circumstances, the crucial importance of granting women this moral blessing remains strong.

The Fiftieth Gate Essay Example for Free

The fiftieth Gate EssayIt is the interp place of both history and memory, which allows us to gain empathetic understanding of Truth. History is factual, and traditionally objective, merely is sheath to bias and control. It cannot reveal the reality of human experience, as it relies on facts, lists and statistics the need for memory arises. Memory is a composition of personal perspectives which can be deemed subjective, yet challenges historys authority and rationalism. Combined, history and memory generate a powerful tool when assessing the past, as explored in Mark Bakers The Fiftieth Gate. Baker uses deliberate selections of documents and personal accounts from his parents, with stylistic features and delineative methods, to create a rounded understanding of the Holocaust. The Sydney Jewish Museum similarly employs a range of representational methods and medians to present history and memory, in order to gain a complete understanding of the truth. History is evidently used a s an important framework for events throughout The Fiftieth Gate, using fates and chronological order, 12th of December. The use of dates validates memory within the text.History, on its own, is seen as not effective in find out the truth as it is written from a historians collaboration of documented evidence, which is unstructured. Connotations chaos and lack of direction are clear as Bakers documents lay strewn across the floor dismembered words bits and pieces this is highlighting the need for deliberate selection of documented evidence. This bias, throughout The Fiftieth Gate, is emphasized as a historic document written by the Germans, who completely disregard the millions of murders ofThe ellipses following the conclusion of the poem tell him that i symbolizes an unfinished story and allows the responder to assume it is ambiguous in subject, relating to all Jews and the horrors experienced collectively. Such a portrayal of this idea of courage and survival depicted throughou t a spiritual element of poem (commonly referred to as food for the soul) cannot be depicted throughout only documented fact, as although the approximate number of survivors is known, this figure gives no insight into the extensive struggle for life experienced by thousands.

Schools Meet The Holistic Needs Of Every Child Education Essay

Schools Meet The Holistic Needs Of Every Child Education EssaySchools and teachers, in my belief, act as in loco parentis, which means that they take over all the responsibility of the child as a parent. Under The Children Act (1989) and The Health and Safety at induce Act (1974), teachers have a duty of care towards their pupils. Although, this does not bind them to have parental responsibility, teachers are expected to promote the welfare and wellbeing of children in their care as any responsible parent would do. In doing so, a teacher ought to be aware of the holistic needs of each child. This does not single include academic needs but physical, mental, societal and emotional aspect as well. Ideally, the aim to meet these emergencys should be reflected through the schools polices and the setability towards different approaches throughout the school. sooner analysing my subject in detail, I would like to explore my subject in context of Maslows Hierarchy of needs starting fro m physiological as the radical requirement building gradually to the psychological elements of concerns. (Maslow, A. 1987) Many schools, according to the demand of the children, turn in extended school provisions such as breakfast clubs to meet basic physiological needs. Moreover, as statutory framework for EYFS (2012) emphasises on the provision of sanguine meals, snacks and drinks as necessary and fresh drinking water being available and loving at all times. The psychological aspect covers mainly the mental, emotional and genial needs. These are generally met according to the criteria set by different schools i.e. their policies and approaches. Its forcefulness however, depends on the implementation of these approaches throughout the school, within the clanroom and towards an individual child. As it is not possible to cover all these aspects of concern, my focus in this essay would be on social needs of an EAL child in a classroom. In order to evaluate my subject, I will be using examples from my previous school experiences in school B. Being larger than an average primary school every year a reasonable number of children join school B with no exposure to face. Looking into the school policies and approaches I will explore its relation to the classroom environment and its impact on that particular child. My aim will be to produce an evaluation based on evidence and critical analysis of effectiveness of schools policies with allowing evidence throughout.As school Bs policies (appendix 1) strongly incite the idea of individuality and being inclusive, hence providing a social friendly environment for its pupils. Their mission statement, every piece of puzzle is needed to complete the entire picture and celebrating success together is a true representation of their policies. (School website, online) Many of these policies are highly influenced by government documents such as, Working Together to safeguard Children (DfES 2006) and Bradford Safeguardin g Children Board Procedures (2007) as mentioned in their policies (appendix 2). In addition, various topic endeavors have been taken into consideration along with these policies, which has moulded the ideology of the school B. A very late example of which is the Every Child Matters (DfES 2003) initiative which focuses on the basic individual needs of children. Although, electronic countermeasures is not a legal requirement for schools anyto a greater extent, its principles are calm deep embedded in the school in the form of a program Every Child Counts.The key areas that ECM covered were generally near safety, integrating locally, regionally and nationally and to be able to make a positive contribution in society. Other than that, Pugh, G. (2006) highlighted that there was a stronger focus on parenting and families as a part of an ECM factor that enabled many schools to cook connection between the school and the community. Considering these elements, school B established stro ng monetary value with the parents by encouraging their participation in school activities. This was done by inviting them in school assemblies and different celebrations throughout the year. Having this open door policy, parents/carers and local agencies were welcomed to put down the school at all times. This interaction not only helped school to identify individual needs but also helped parents/carers to develop a healthy relationship between the school, teachers and the pupils. I believe that this relationship shirks a vital role in the childrens development as a whole. Pollard (2005), on the other hand, perceives an even deeper meaning to this relationship.This perspective on parents/carers is one that views them as partners with teachers in their childrens development, with parents/carers and teachers in regular contact. (Pollard, A. 2005)Apart from that, the social and emotional aspect of accomplishment cognize as SEAL is one of the around emphasised programs in school B. This program is a whole school approach to promote effective learning and positive behaviour by supporting social and emotional skills of individuals (DfES 2005). The competences of SEAL has not only shaped the general ethos and environment of the school, but is also deeply embedded in the teaching of these skills within the classroom. This is done by implicating its elements into the curriculum especially through PSHCE, where these needs are addressed in a much than assertive manner. Although, PSHCE is not statutory, it is still a very integral part of the curriculum, which reflects the ideology of school B towards social and emotional wellbeing of every child.As school B signifies the importance of inclusion, the general feel of the school is very welcoming to the EAL pupil and parents. Schools motto, greetings and instructions throughout the school are translated into different languages to raise a socially friendly environment. To meet the needs of EAL pupils academically, school B has assigned a language support team which not only provide these children with particular(a) guidance throughout the curriculum but also equip them with the a basic tool of language to socialize.However, the success of these policies depends on the teacher to adapt them according to the needs of children and to develop a well structured approach to address them appropriately. In doing so, the teacher in classroom 1 of school B, emphasises on being inclusive and active participation of every child in the classroom. In order to do that the teacher has adopted various methodologies to meet the social needs of the classroom in general. Basic socializing skills like listening, speaking, empathising and collaborating with other pupils are encouraged at all times within the classroom. By reservation children talk in pairs during the lesson, making small groups to carry out various tasks and through introducing purposeful games within the lesson, these skills are embedded in th eir workaday routine. In realizing the need to develop social skills amongst pupils, the teacher in classroom 1, encourages discussions and expression of ideas in every form. She organizes activities around the curriculum such as role play and drama. This in turn, encourages children to share different ideas and develop them together in collaboration (Chilver, P 1982). These activities provide a platform for EAL students to express themselves openly, hence enhancing their confidence in classroom participation. On the other hand, this approach enables rest of the class to develop an understanding amongst each other which helps to remove any social barriers between them and EAL pupil. These implications in my opinion, supports children specially EAL pupils to access learning by creating a responsive environment.Although, schools and teachers are working very hard to provide a purposeful environment for children, its effectiveness depends on how every child benefits from it. As social needs of individuals could differ remarkably from one person to another, they are addressed in a more personalized way in classroom 1. To elaborate my insinuate, I will refer to a case of child A in this classroom, who was new to English and had joined the class in the middle of the year. Being, relatively new to the country and to the language, child X found it increasingly frustrating to participate in class activities. Seeing his discomfort, the teacher appointed a boy from a similar cultural background to accompany him in the classroom and in the playground. This technique, in my point of view, worked effectively in helping child A settle into the classroom. The fact that the child he was paired up with was from the same ethnic background, created a friendlier and more comfortable environment for child A as he was able to communicate with him conveniently. However, this should have been even more useful if the child A was subsequent on paired up with another child with a comp letely different background. Having this experience could have expanded his understanding of the society, thus developing his social skills.Realizing that the language barrier was a hindrance in child As progress, he was provided with extra help from the EAL support team. As a part of his daily routine, child A was sent out of the classroom for the language sessions with the support teacher during the English and phonics lessons. As this approach was introduced to enhance his language development, in doing so it excluded him from the learning environment and the overall classroom experience. To my understanding the school policies in this case, did help to recognize the specific requirement of child X and provided him with an exclusive support to meet his needs. On the other hand, it also took away the opportunities to experience an inclusive learning environment which I believe is a basic right of every child. Although, I do take into consideration the point of view that this pract ice was essential for child X to provide him with the basic understanding of the language. However, similar assortment of support could be provided within the classroom by differentiation and one to one guidance.To provide an inclusive learning environment, other lessons were adapted by providing extra visual aids to encourage child As classroom participation. The activities were differentiated throughout the lessons for child A by encouraging the use of ICT to help develop his listening, speaking and reading skills. Provision of an adult support in the classroom, assisted him throughout the lessons to improve his understanding. As the school policy emphasises on adaptation of SEAL, its implications could be seen during the PSHCE lessons in classroom 1. Part of the lesson was incorporated into a whole class activity to encourage social interaction. Even though, execution of the lesson was very effective in addressing the social needs in classroom, in my opinion it did not attend to the requirements of child A.Looking into school Bs policies mentioned above, it could be seen that many are heavy influenced by the government. Basic school policies such as health and safety and child protection are legal requirements for every school to provide. Other than that the national initiatives such as ECM, in my belief plays a very vital role in identifying individual needs and to address them effectively. As it is seen that the principles of ECM initiative are deeply rooted in school Bs policies and is reflected through the provision of interventions throughout the school. As looking specifically into the social needs of EAL, I discussed earlier about the introduction of language support group within the classroom. The purpose of these interventions is to target the specific needs of every child hence, following the ECM agenda. I believe that a particular need of child X was addressed through the intervention however, in doing so it failed to address his needs holistic ally.It is seen that the reading material of school policies is well conducted in the classroom B through the class rules, general environment and discipline. Katherine Weare (2000) in her point of view explains the implication of school policies in an affective way.Social and affective education need to be tackled in a way that suits the nature and ethos of each individual school, and be adapted by individual teachers to fit their own style of working. (Weare K. 2000, pg.36)A similar, outcome is extracted from the above study which insinuates that meeting the holistic needs of a particular child depends on how the teacher implicates her ideology into practice. In my opinion, school Bs policies did influence the general understanding of the teacher in classroom 1. However, it was the teacher rather than the school policies, who contributed the most towards meeting the holistic needs of child A. By looking into my past experiences through this essay, it has made me realize that more than school policies it is the teachers beliefs that make a unlikeness in a childs life.

Drill Press Redesign Project Design for Manufacture

Drill Press Redesign Project Design for ManufactureDrill calf love is the most vastly employ mechanical weapon around the world. Its usage is not limited to industries only, it is found and utilize even at homes in the form of portable or cordless acts. It is primarily use for cutting holes in specimen. Other functions that it merchantman be used for include tapping, counter sinking, reaming, etc.There argon three main types of application disturb based on their versatility, size of surveypiece it can handle and start.1.1 Upright work fight backFirst and the most commonly used type of drill press is Upright drill press. It consists of following main startles (Groover, 2010)Base It is the part that is in contact with the ground, it is made heavy to keep the drill bit from move during operation. It can be bolted to the ground to keep the drill press fixed.Column It is the part that acts as a backbone and provides support to the drill press. Drill press main sliding unit is attached to column as well and moves on the column. stool bench it is a table attached to the column, it is used to chasten the workpiece in place during operation. It consists of rails, through which bolts can slide and the fix the work piece on table at whatever location.Drill luff it is the pourboire most part of drill press that contains the power spindle.1.2 Radial drillSecond type of frill press used in industries is the radial drill press. This type of drill press has larger range of cutting holes thusly it is used for large parts. Like upright drill press it alike consists of Base, Column, Work bench and Drill head. In addition, it consists of one additional component that is explained below. (Groover, 2010)Radial arm it is the component responsible for risqueer drilling range of radial drill. It can slide vertically on the column and alike it can be rotated ab extinct the column and set at any angle. Drill head is fixed on the drill arm so it can slide across the radial arm and can be set at any distance from the column.1.3 Gang drillThird and last type of drill press found in labor is gang drill. In this type of drill press, several upright drill press are arranged in a line that work independently but share the same work table. Therefore, this type of drill is used for cutting holes in sequence on same work piece or to perform sequence of operations alike drilling, reaming, counter sinking, tapping, etc. (Groover, 2010)This report willing discuss the design for manufacture for the drill press main sliding unit. existent type has already been selected as polymeric visible to reduce cost. For testing and feedback purpose, it is decide that initially only 20 units will be manufactured. After the positive feedback, this part will be manufactured commercially with production rate of 350 units per week.Task 1 (a)For a product to be successful, it should satisfy some set of requirements that the market / people demands and also the demands of industry. Functional requirements can be categorized into requirements of market, requirements during operation, manufacturing requirements and compliance requirements. (Rajput, 2008)2.1 Requirements of marketThis product is intended for cottage industries as well for large production industries therefore its wrong should be in the range of 10 to 15 pounds per piece. Other demands of market include it should be aristocratic to transport, high strength, safe to use, maintenance cost should be borderline and its life should be high. Finally, the product should attract people with its dandy aesthetics.2.2 Operation requirementsMost important requirement is that it should produce enough strength to check all the forces that will act on it during operation. The operation cost of the product that include the maintenance cost should be low. For the safety of the user, sliding motion of drill sliding unit on column should be smooth with less friction offered. High working temperatu res are faced in drilling operation, therefore the melting temperature of the part should be high and it should be able to maintain its mechanical properties at high temperature as well. It should be used for variable upchuck sizes. (Rajput, 2008)2.3 Manufacturing requirementsProduct should be light weight so that less solid is required is required to manufacture it which will reduce its cost. Material requirements is polymeric material. atomic reactor of the part should be just under 1.5 kg. Production time of the part should be much(prenominal) that production part of 350 part per week is achieved. Manufacturing technique for this part is snap moulding therefore all the edges of the part should be properly filleted and sides should be muster ined. Assembly and disassembly of the part should be quick and easy, fasteners would be used to mount the part on column for easy assembly and replacement of the part when required. (Rajput, 2008)2.4 Compliance requirementsManufactured part should comply with the standards of The Society of the Plastics Industry so that there is uniformity among the manufactured parts and the replacement of part is easy. For this part standard SPI-B1 or SPI-C1 can be used. (Rajput, 2008)Task 1 (b)3. Features, Manufacturing Process and Material Selection for DPMSU prototypeThe material available for manufacturing was polymer which became a basis for us to decide which solve was to be followed. Keeping the economics, circumstances and suitability into rollation injection regorgeing was the most preferable process to manufacture the prototype of the drill press sliding unit.3.1 shooting Molding Manufacturing ProcessIn correspondence to our decision, Injection Molding is usually the most preferable and satisfactory process which is used for the manufacturing of materials made up of polymers. This process is passing flexible and diverse, and the products vary greatly in size and shape. Various shapes can be formed as a result of injection molding in a rattling short tote up of time and with a very pretty surface finish. (Groover, 2010)Figure 3 Parts of Injection Molding unitThe process is very simple and easy to understand. Initially the raw material (plastic in our case) is inserted into the machine through the hooper placed on the top of the unit containing the reciprocating jailor. To transport the plastic from the hooper to the mold core, a rotating screw is used which pushes these pieces towards the mold and applies pres for certainly on them. The heaters on the wall around the screw melt down these pieces and eventually the molten plastic forms a highly viscous paste. This molten plastic is accumulated in the mold and the shape of the mold eventually ends up in the shape of the product. The plunging process of the machine makes sure that the mold is completely filled with the molten plastic and there are no further defects or any voids. This is all done due to the high pressure, the plunger exer ts on the plastic. In the mold, the temperature drops and the molten plastic solidifies. The clamping unit is then separated with the help of clamping motor drive and chain. The part is then taken out very carefully because if too much force is applied, it might break or deform which might weaken its internal microstructure. This all depends on the focusing the part is designed and whether the focussinges that occur during the remotion process, are taken into consideration. Injection molding is an advantageous process in several ways which led us to choose this over any other. Injection Molding can produce parts of several shapes and sizes and in a very short amount of time. The products resulting from this process have very fine surfaces finishes. The labor cost is reduced greatly through this process and it leads it to be very economical. The wastage from Injection Molding is negligible and the remain plastic can be re melted and used. (Groover, 2010)3.2 MaterialWhen scheming a drill press sliding unit, the most important parameter to consider was temperature. During drilling operations, the temperature might rise up very rapidly so a material with a very favorable temperature stability was required. The variation of material properties with change in temperature should be as low as possible. The second parameter to decide the material was the response of the material to forces and stresses applied during the molding process. Stresses not only played a role in deciding the material but also played a major role in the designing phase. These factors collectively contributed in deciding which material was to be used. Every material had some shortcomings and strengths and neither of the materials behaved appropriately in every condition but it was up to us to decide the point till which we could compromise on the temperature response without compromising on the stress profile. This influenced us to go for poly ether imide which is commonly referred to as P EI. This material remains very stable thermally up to temperatures like 200 o C (Frese et al., 2007). Not only that but it offers a very high resistance to wear a high despatchs and pressures. DPMSU is a process which involves high pressures to drill the holes during operation and therefore, it needs continuous sliding. PEI becomes very suitable for much(prenominal) conditions. It is also highly resistant to thermal cracking and is denser than the other polymers. Apart from all these qualities, PEI is also very resistant to any sort of reaction influenced by chemicals (acids, alkalis, fuels and alcohols etc). Most importantly, it offers a very high tensile strength of 16000 psi throughout a very vast range of temperatures from -270 oC to 300 oC. PEI has very good mechanical properties at very high temperatures and very likely for our project. The only issue was that due to such an impressive range of advantages, PEI is relatively more dearly-won than the other polymers. Despite t hat, our total cost is still very low if compared to the material cost of metals. (Frese et al., 2007)PEI offers a very wide range of applications in industry due to a lot of factors. It is very robust and has high strength which makes it very promising for usage. Some of its most common applications are as followedIt is used in the electronics industry specially for making integrated circuits. The reason for this is its high thermal stability and effective usage at a diverse range of temperatures. (Kuznetsov, 2000)It is used in aerospace industry due to the high strength it offers. (Kuznetsov, 2000)It is used in automotive industry due to its incredible surface finishing. (Kuznetsov, 2000)Task 1 (c, e)4. Design ConsiderationsWe do know that the most suitable process for mass production of polymer is Injection molding. Keeping that in mind, we now have to consider the parameters and step to be followed in order to cut down the production cost and production time as much as possible .4.1 Avoid calculating EdgesSharp corners are the biggest source of stress concentrations and high stress concentrations lead to point failures and crack initiations even under normal loading circumstances. The primary approach magic spell designing this work piece would be to void as many sharp edges and practically avoidable and replace these edges with fillets and round corners. This will distribute the stress on the surface and will increase the part life under fatigue or creep loading. Work pieces with sharp corner becomes very vulnerable to surrounding and operating conditions and will behave in a very un-predictable manner under loading conditions. (Tang, 2008)4.2 Avoid drop down and other post-process deformationsDue to oddment in the exposure temperatures, all layers within the material cool down at different rates with respect to each other. This leads to the outer surfaces solidifying hot than the inner layers. This causes stress in the inward direction and the shap e of the piece starts to change. The outer layers start sinking into the workpiece and this phenomenon becomes more dominant when there are three-fold geometries of different thicknesses. To avoid such a situation, the thickness of the work piece should be kept as low as achievable according to the design. Sinking leads to discontinuities in the piece geometry and also induces unfavorable internal stresses. (Tang, 2008)4.3 Material OptimizationDuring manufacturing, attention should be given to save as much material as possible without compromising the integrity of the work piece. The designing should be done in such a way that the weight of the work piece is minimum possible with optimum required strength. This will not only lead to more weight but will increase the cost unnecessarily. Care has to be taken when extra material is made after the molding process. (Zhang, 2007)4.4 DraftsFor easy removal of the work piece from the mold, it is essential to leave some clearance so that th e mold doesnt stick to the work piece. If it sticks, it might become difficult to remove the work piece and it might end up deforming the work piece. In such cases, it is preferable to keep the draft angle from 1 degree to 5 degree. This angle will give ample clearance to the work piece and will avoid any unfavorable situation. This parameter is essential for the smooth running of this process. (Zhang, 2007)4.5 Material response to the moldIt is very information that the material responds to the process appropriately. The material properties play the main role in defining the processes to be followed or the steps to be taken. The material should be decided very carefully tutelage into consideration, all the problems and complications it might face in the process. The molten form of the material should be such that it accommodates itself perfectly within the mold and cover all the fine details within. The material should not sink after solidification and neither should it warp. (Wu, 2006)4.6 Minimum work to be done of the work piece after moldingThe manufacturing should preferably be done by an experienced person. This will result in a much better and refined product and minimum nuance work will have to be done after the manufacturing. The mold plays an equally important role in the look of the product. A mold with a smooth inner surface will produce a very smooth outer surface of the work piece and hence very small work will have to be done to give the work piece a final touch before being used. (Wu, 2006)5. Concerns and recommendationsThere are few concerns which have to be taken into consideration during our design and manufacturing process of DPMSU. These are as followedIf we are to run a machine, it is to be made sure that all the written information on the manual is communicated to the user as a lot of safety hazards are particularly mentioned on the user manuals. These manuals also contain procedures to be followed and precautions to be made so readin g these documents is recommended before the usage of the machine, for safe and smooth operation.It is very crucial that the product is safely remote from the mold after solidification and nothing is damaged during its removal process. It is therefore essential that necessary clearances may be left in the mold and draft angles are taken into consideration while designing the mold. These angles greatly assist in the removal of the work piece after it has solidified.During the design process, it is to be taken into consideration that the stress is evenly distributed through the work piece and nowhere in the specimen should the stress be high enough to initiate a crack or cause any structural failure. Sharp edges and corners are the biggest source of high stress concentrations and must be replaced with the contoured surfaces in order to avoid stress concentration areas which may lead to mechanical failure of drill press main sliding unit during drilling operation.The mold plays a major part in defining how much time a particular process will take, how much of a share would labor cost have in the total cost and how good of a surface finish would be obtained. If these parameters are well understood and well implemented, work piece removal becomes very time and cost efficient. The machine should be completely utilized and hence the ejector pins should be taken into full use while removing the work piece.For minimum wastage, it is important that material with the most suitable condition and position is used throughout the operation. The machine should be used by an experienced person, who will make sure that minimum material is wastage after the process. As PEI is relatively more costly than other polymers, this consideration becomes important.It is necessary that the work piece is legitimate and regular in dimensions.It is also to be considered that minimum post-process work is done and the manufactured specimen is gone through minimum finishing processes. To achie ve this, the mold should be very smooth and the machine operator should be very experienced.Task 1 (d)Previously, injection molding is suggested for the prototyping of the component. Injection molding is also suitable for batch production of drill press main sliding unit but following things must be taken into considerationIf injection speed is high with less solidification time, it may lead to the deformation of material with time. To prevent this issue, speed of injection molding and time for solidification must be optimized in batch production.Drill press main sliding units is used to hold the drill bit and holder. Due to machining operation, temperature of the assembly may rise. Moreover, unexpected stresses on the component may occur. So, manufacturing method must yield polymeric component with optimized thermal conditions to avoid any catastrophic failure later on. (Rajput, 2008)Variations in dimensions is a common issue in polymeric components. To avoid this, synthetic harden ing resins could be used while doing injection molding. These resins may enhance surface rigourousness of the component. (Tang, 2008)Porosity and air bubbles left in the component during manufacturing may lead to brittle failure later on. To avoid this, porosity must be prevented to occur. (Tang, 2008)ReferencesGroover, M. (2010). fundamental principle of modern manufacturing. 4th ed. New York JOHN WILEY SONS, INC.Rajput, R. (2008). A textbook of manufacturing technology. 1st ed. New Delhi Laxmi.Tang.Z.Y. (2008). Plastic Mould Designer GuideM,edited by Mechanical Industry produce House,Beijing.Wu.Z.Z,Wang.Q,Pang.Y.X,Zhang.H.APlastic Mold Design Guide,edited by National Defense Industry Press,Beijing(2006).Zhang W.HInjection Mold Design of Practical TutorialM,edited by Chemical Industry Press,Beijing(2007T. Frese et al., Electret Properties of Polyetherimides enamor of Water Content and Comparison with Other High-Temperature Polymer Films, Macromol. Mater. Eng., vol. 292, pp. 58 2-587, February 2007.Kuznetsov, One-pot polyimide synthesis in carboxylic acid medium, High Perform. Polym., vol. 12, pp. 445-460, June 2000.

Strategies for Risk Management in Construction

Strategies for happen Management in social organization1.1 founding jeopardize ca commitment is one of the subfields on nine intimacy bea in purport cerebrate. try direction is ab show up managing dubiousness that indwelling in close spues that require formal be sick way, using uncertainty in the plain English wish of certainty sense. endangerment oversight to a fault refer to a series of transitiones which atomic number 18 required for the identification, psychoanalysis, and reaction towards the send offs put on the line in order to maximize the opinions of positive uncertainty even and decrease the consequences of negative uncertainty even. attempt counsel also been organise in developed countries. This due(p) to the bump counseling is better utilise in the developed countries. Comparing with otherwise countries with assorted situations, Malaysia is a developing outlandish which the politic, economy, social and technology break mad specific perils especi separately(prenominal)y related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of pretend is not so systematic and requires more(prenominal) look into and phylogenesis.Malaysia seems to be developing countries beca part the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic pass on be appoint if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is all important(p) to recognise the jeopardys that endanger the plan. A solidifying of budget was spent on investment in the formula labor. The application program of jeopardize management bequeath result in taking line up, regulated, and prompt decision through being in create to the highest degree the environment despite the branching and agitates in the kink industries.1.2 Problem StatementKnowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the rudimentary to success in managing today s challenge and seek of exposure imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and unwrapside attemptinesss gene of the declare oneself, the conductorial decision-making error result bugger off place. Moreover, it pass on cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through endangerment management, it cig atomic number 18t bring up the try generating constituent and run across or remove such happen of exposureiness factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action.As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge atomic number 18a of bulge management, pretend management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into put on the line management. in that location atomic number 18 no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for happen management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, accredited reg ulations cannot force reflection parties to chthonic fetch run a danger management.So, by adopting scientific procession to pretend management, introducing its process and last its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project atomic number 18 a necessity.The issue of risk management was for the freshman time increase in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk management is a new field, miss for several seminars and universities look project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia.1.3 Research Questionsi. What kind of risks returns in the construction projects and what are their factors?ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk?1.4 Research Objectivesi. To bring up risk factors in construction industry.ii. To lay strategies of risk management applied in construction industry.1.5 Scope of StudyT his research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. on that pointfore, the scope of this study is only especial(a) in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this country.Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The apprehensions for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being execute in the company and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter entrust differ. As a result of this, to make sure the info obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company.1.6 Expected FindingsThis research pull up stakes get to some precious advantages. First is to up get up the consciousness of diverse key perso nnel of project resulting in performing the project faithfully while considering issues the likes of risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor tone of voice of products, cost overrun, and delays.CHAPTER 2 literature REVIEW2.1 Introduction attempt result bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks give be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective forget be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk facto r in construction projects.2.2 Definitions2.2.1 attempt peril is an uncertain event or condition that, if it excretes, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of dowry if it occur, it will endow effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory moreover fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of misfortune have been measured. In the construction project, in that location is a lot of risk in all phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. winding firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developing countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction commercialize and to manage these risks onwards the actual transaction of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancements in technologies, hence a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. individually party has its differ ent objectives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects.2.2.2 Risk Factor facial expression project is split up into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in consummation with the project. The management of risk thitherfore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue mingled with the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also remove during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic quotation that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and set down on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting power train came free. The load was tilt to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key separate of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be decent had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier.2.2.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is widely use by the companie s or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector.According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process relate with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project.2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk ManagementThere are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no ideal method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operating the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two part. The first part is smooth risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses.2.3 Risk Management ProcessProject Risk Management involves outgrowth considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This action can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process2.3.1 Risk IdentificationRisk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic.The result in the utilization of moldlists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the make summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored.brainstorm is another(prenominal) method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the cogitate seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain insp iration from the wide capacity of the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be disposed to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method.2.3.3 Risk AnalysisThe risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix clarifying the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential.The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of cling to which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values.2.3.4 Risk Eva luationRisk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the paygrade phase may be symmetrically simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an authorized view of the proportionate of the recognize risks.Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a translate of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking.2.3.5 Risk TreatmentRisk treatment comprises what should be done in order to ease up reaction to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing chance plans with which to get stick out if a risk happen.2.3.6 Monitoring and ReviewIn monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other fin st eps must be re principal(prenominal)ed under an examination as the time buryes. Finding of better in pution may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now ordinarily essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are forthwith influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time.The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively.2.3.7 Communication and ConsultationCommunication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to unravel in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being address ed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individual(a)s who need to be involved are given adequate probability to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them.2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response PlanningIn every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The critical part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly sha ll decrease the unfortunate effects. Risk easing that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002).A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and head of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which arei. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other move risk choices are available from several alternativesii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occuriii. Risk control which when a process of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk drop-off plan and so pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling techniqueiv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with ot hers. sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on.2.5 Classification of Risks in ConstructionThe first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the grave to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects.According to other study by (Kalayjia n, 2000), in the Third ground of Construction classified that some of the most dallyative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area arei. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at arranged terms. Risks contain the owners index finger of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect in perceptual constancy of currency exchange rates.ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual pac ts.iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation.iv. economical and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management.On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which arei. financial risks the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study.ii. Technical risks the checklist sho w allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries.iii. Risk related to change the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study.iv. Consortium risk in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification.v. Owner obligation risks the checklist embraced factors which should be give tongue to in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time puke for their execution and answer of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts.vi. Risks regarding porthole with other contractors the checklis t include specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, unseasonable failure of the facility, safety, financial, and amiss(p) design risk.2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk ManagementAccording to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive coating within the industry. As a result, the lack of progress and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essenti al for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the advantage of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational discipline becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance and knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organisational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious.According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely unsounded the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, impleme ntation costs, and educational barriers and a cultism of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance.According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are very related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer.2.8 Risk Identification MethodsIn order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment , and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist.Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners.(Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identifica tion of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner.In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the pronounced lack of unanimity in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but trammel project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the obj ectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire subject field among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interrogates with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows3.2 Data Collection3.2.1 interviewInterview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet.3.2.2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will workings in contractor construction companies.The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. T he survey questionnaire will administer through electronic mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry.3.3 Data AnalysisAll returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical package program called statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test.3.4 MeasurementMost of the quest ion will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire.Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. instrumentalist will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective.In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following formatRisk levelRareUnlikelyPossibleLikelyAlmost certainScore12345 put off 3.1 Risk factorsIn section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the chance of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage.StrategiesNot importantLittle important reasonableImportant very(prenominal) importantScore12345Strategies for Risk Management in ConstructionStrategies for Risk Management in Construction1.1 IntroductionRisk management is one of the subfields on nine knowledge area in project management. Risk management is about managing uncertainty that inherent in most projects that require formal project management, using uncertainty in the plain English lack of certainty sense.Risk management also refer to a series of processes which are required for the identification, analysis, and reaction towards the projects risk in order to maximize the effects of positive uncertainty even and minimize the consequences of negative uncertainty even.Risk management also been organise in developed countries. This due to the risk management is better applied in the developed countries. Comparing with other countries with various situations, Malaysia is a developing country which the politic, economy, social and technology have mad specific risks especially related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of risk is not so systematic and requires more research and development.Malaysia seems to be developing cou ntries because the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic will be burden if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is important to recognise the risks that endanger the plan. A lot of budget was spent on investment in the construction industry. The application of risk management will result in taking correct, regulated, and prompt decision through being informed about the environment despite the complication and changes in the construction industries.1.2 Problem StatementKnowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays challenge and risk imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and external risks factor of the project, the managerial decision-making error will take place. Moreover, it will cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through risk management, it can identify the ri sk generating factor and control or remove such risk factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action.As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge area of project management, risk management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into risk management. There are no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for risk management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, current regulations cannot force construction parties to undertake risk management.So, by adopting scientific approach to risk management, introducing its process and eventually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project are a necessity.The issue of risk management was for the first time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk manage ment is a new field, except for several seminars and universities research project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia.1.3 Research Questionsi. What kind of risks occurs in the construction projects and what are their factors?ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk?1.4 Research Objectivesi. To identify risk factors in construction industry.ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in construction industry.1.5 Scope of StudyThis research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this area.Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The reasons for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being executed in the company and the size of the company. Gr ade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter will differ. As a result of this, to make sure the data obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company.1.6 Expected FindingsThis research will achieve some precious advantages. First is to enhance the consciousness of different key personnel of project resulting in performing the project reliably while considering issues like risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor quality of products, cost overrun, and delays.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionRisk will bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks will be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective will be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk factor in construction projects.2.2 Definitions2.2.1 RiskRisk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances if it occur, it will give effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the construction project, there is a lot of risk in every phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. Construction firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developing countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction market and to manage these risks before the actual execution of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancemen ts in technologies, therefore a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each party has its different objectives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects.2.2.2 Risk FactorConstruction project is divided into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in proceeding with the project. The management of risk therefore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue between the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was transfer to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be sufficient had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier.2.2.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector.According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, anal ysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project.2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk ManagementThere are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no standard method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operating the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is pure risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses.2.3 Risk Management ProcessProject Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, an d reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process2.3.1 Risk IdentificationRisk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic.The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the experience summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identif ication process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored.Brainstorming is another method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide capacity of the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be given to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method.2.3.3 Risk AnalysisThe risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix clarifying the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various re lated impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential.The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values.2.3.4 Risk EvaluationRisk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the evaluation phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an accepted view of the proportionate of the recognized risks.Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a record of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking.2.3.5 Risk TreatmentRisk treatment comprises what should be done in order to give reaction to recognized risks. Any pl ans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing contingency plans with which to get back if a risk happen.2.3.6 Monitoring and ReviewIn monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other five steps must be remained under an examination as the time passes. Finding of better information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are immediately influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time.The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively.2.3.7 Communication and Consultati onCommunication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them.2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response PlanningIn every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and vol untarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk mitigation that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002).A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which arei. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are available from several alternativesii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occuriii. Risk control which when a pr ocess of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling techniqueiv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. Sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on.2.5 Classification of Risks in ConstructionThe first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized conne cted to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects.According to other study by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified that some of the most representative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area arei. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners power of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect instability of currency exchange rates.ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that m ust be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations.iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation.iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in mana gerial schedule, and political management.On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which arei. financial risks the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study.ii. Technical risks the checklist show allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries.iii. Risk related to change the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study.iv. Consortium risk in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification.v. Owner obligation risks the checklist embraced factors which should be stated in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts.vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and incorrect design risk.2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk ManagementAccording to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture within the industry. As a result, the lack of proficiency and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk manag ement in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational learning becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance and knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious.According t o (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a fear of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance.According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time fo r the manufacture need of customer.2.8 Risk Identification MethodsIn order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist.Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not system atically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners.(Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner.In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risk s and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire survey among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows3.2 Data Collection3.2.1 InterviewInterview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet.3.2.2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collect ion carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies.The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry.3.3 Data AnalysisAll returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean i ndex, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test.3.4 MeasurementMost of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire.Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective.In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following formatRisk levelRareUnlikelyPossibleLikelyAlmost certainScore12345Table 3.1 Risk factorsIn section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage.StrategiesNot importantLittle importantAverageImportantVery importantScore12345

Madonnas Like a Prayer Analysis :: essays research papers

Madonnas Like a PrayerThe only rules that an artist goes by are the ones they set upon themselves. Artists criticize current hot topics and sometimes explore their context threw the use of their imaginations. One very fine shell of this is Madonnas Like a Prayer music idiot box at the time that it was released it was a huge hit on the music charts. simmer down today Like a Prayer is a very well known song. At the time of its release it was at the center of controversy with rear groups, church groups, mainstream media, and the government. Throughout the history of art this has been a reoccurring phenomenon that art can be offensive. My position within my group is I am a atom of the media but I am neutral and am just interpreting the content and the implied context of the video.Pepsi and Sears both wanted to pull advertisement support from MTV if they keep to show the video. One of the reasons for this was the controversial religious content and both companies are family orient ed which they thought may have blemished their image. In the opening scenes of the video you see Madonna witness a crime and a black man coming to help the woman just in time when the cops depress there. This man is arrested for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. He is totally innocent and in fact was trying to help the woman. So Madonna goes to the church where she prays to the black Jesus, which also looks like the hero from earlier. Jesus was an innocent and sin free person wrongly accused of crimes he did non commit. This is the connection that Madonna was trying to establish with the black Jesus. When Madonna dozes off on the church pew she has a dream of being in promised land and then she is in front of burning crosses. Burning crosses are usually synonymous with the KKK. Here again I believe Madonna was not promoting the KKK patently but she was again trying to establish the assault on innocence and the context of the burning crosses and the black Jesus fits in perfectly. The cross burnings symbolize the background knowledge of hate and what prejudice can create. In this case it was white men attacking a white woman and black man coming to retain her. Then the white cops automatically assume since he is black that he did it.

Colonialism in India Essay -- British Invasion, Massive Boycotts

The British invasion formed into a historical training of British colonialism in India. Despite India under the British rule, Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in gaining Independence. He not only changed India entirely also strongly fought for Indias independence, using various strategies. The British Empire ruled as long as they could to reform India both politically and socially. India was the first major Asian civilizations to mint victim to European predatory activities (Duiker 31). With conquering India, the British had various purposes behind it. Their main purpose was to achieve a monopolistic trading position (The sparing and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India). The second purpose was the control of India this was a key element in the world power structure, in terms of geography, logistics and military manpower (The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India). When the East India Company continued to trade under the British, bulky armies were cre ated, largely composed of Indian sepoys (Marshall). The armies were used to defend the Companys territories protect the Indian states (Marshall).With major control oer India, the British used a combination of firepower & guile to consolidate their power over the country by expanding from their base areas along the coast into the interior (Duiker 31). Some territories were also taken over the privately run East India Company, which at the time was given authority to administer Asian territories under British occupation, while others were ruled by local maharajas (Duiker 31). British governance brought order and stability to a society that had recently been wrecked by the wars from the different empires (Duiker 31). Since the British wanted to refo... ...tween the Hindus and Muslims, Jinnah felt that Muslims had no time to come in India (Overfield 216). With the end of British rule in 1947, not only did India gain its independence but also along with it was born an other country, Pa kistan where Jinnah served as the first governor (Overfield 216). With the gain of Indias independence, Gandhi was shot the following year in 1948 by a Hindu zealot who resented his commitment to Hindu Muslim harmony (Overfield 212).Despite numerous conflicts with the British and with the Muslims, India fought for its rights by doing what they felt was right. India under the British rule had some benefits as the new school system and outlawing sati but they did manage to trouble the Indians with taxation and other laws. Gandhi who was an outstanding, important figure in Indias way for independence who taught to fight with nonviolence.