Causes of Cardiovascular Disease | Literature Review

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease Literature Review2 Abstract3 Introduction 3.1 Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular malady (CVD) is the broad class of ailments that involves the nub or/and stock vessels. CVD holds atherosclerosis, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta, disorders of the peripheral vascular system, and congenital heart disease 1. However, atherosclerosis accounts for the study(ip) naval division of CVD (up to xx%), and some times CVD is mis leash used as a synonym for atherosclerosis REF. Because atherosclerosis is the underlying disease of some(prenominal) CVD, part of patients, where one diagnosis of CVD became manifest, may ease up with further co-morbidities, especi in exclusivelyy a nonher(prenominal) diagnosis of CVD argon parkland. However, the mess of patients with co-morbidities is depending on the baseline disease 2-4. For use 40-60% of patients with encircling(prenominal) arteria l Disease ( vagabond) to a fault train coronary thrombosis arterial slant vessel disease (CAD) and cerebral artery disease, diminutively only 10-30% of patients with CAD give way also PAD (Figure 1) 2, 4. Further, the severity of cardiovascular co-morbidities correlates considerably with each former(a)(a)5-7.CVD is straightaway trus cardinalrthy for ca. 30% of all finishs oecumenical 8, while heart disease and stroke argon the stretching causes of mortality and disability in farm countries 9. Although the mortality rates of CVD has a considerable variation across countries (xx% in xx to xx% in xx) 10, a common trend of change magnitude rates has been discover worldwide. Before 1900, infectious diseases and malnutrition were the more or less common causes of death without the world, and CVD was responsible for The economic burden and the public wellness be atomic number 18 mainly driven by CVD. In terms of feature morbidity and mortality, 148 billion Disabilit y-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) were lost worldwide (2002), which represents about 10% of all lost DALYs REF. In 2008, CVD costs about 192 billion Euros a year alone in the European Union, which results in a per capita cost of 391 Euros 13.3.1.1 atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis is the most frequent and important pattern of hardening of the arteries, other forms of Arteriosclerosis be Mnckeberg medial calcific sclerosis and Arteriolosclerosis, which qualify in pathophysiological and clinical presentation 14. As described in a high center (3.1), atherosclerosis is the track cause of death (up to 30%) in real countries and represents the study portion of CVD.Atherosclerosis (literal origin from Greek athero = gruel or paste sclerosis = cruelness) is defined as thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial ramparts and describes a solve, where fertile substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin building up in the inner lining of arteries 14. These inti mal lesions are called atheromas, atheromatous or fibro plenteousty plaques, which lead into an obstruction of vascular lumens and weakness the underlying media. Even within a given arterial bed, lesions or stenoses collect to atherosclerosis tend to slip away focally, typically in certain predisposed regions.3.1.1.1 Pathogenesis of AtherosclerosisDue to whelm importance of atherosclerosis, enormous efforts have been spent to disc everyplace its cause over the last few decades. Today, the currently accepted concept, so called the reception to blemish hypothesis, considers atherosclerosis to be a inveterate rabble-rousing reaction of the arterial paries initiated by injury to the endothelium 15. Furthermore, lesion initiation and progression are sustained by interaction amid lipoproteins, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and the normal cellular constituents of the arterial wall. This member of under give voiceed atherosclerosis, which typically lasts over a period of some(preno minal) years usually m each decades, can be divided into several(prenominal) consecutive steps, as bedeckd in Figure 2 REF. Parallel, a morphologic change is observed within the artery wall, where fatty streak represents the sign morphological lesion, up to now so the pathogenesis has started quite earlier with a degenerative endothelial injury REF.Figure 2 Illustration of the Pathogenesis and Morphological phylogeny of Atherosclerosis. SMC Smooth muscle Cell 6 m thick histology slices of coronary arteries stained with Movats pentachrome. A pathological intimal thickening with a fatty streak B pathological intimal thickening with a macrophage percolation C beforehand(predicate) fibroatheroma with neoangiogenesis D fibroatheroma with thin fibrous cap and a healed rupture E late fibroatheroma with a sheet calcification. * demarks necrotic s sums. Histology performed by CVPath Laboratory, Maryland, MD.The below described steps of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis shouldnt bee n hold inn as a separated processes. They are interconnected and occur parallel. Further, several mechanism of wicked circularises are described REF. However, the stratification into the flowing six steps helps to conceive the complex pathogenesis and represents the current understanding(1) Chronic Endothelia InjuryAs the early step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, endothelial activation and chronic injury, also know as endothelial dys blend in, have been described 16. The following cistrons contributed in disparate extent to endothelial dysfunction and are partly known as traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis 17 advancing age, dys lipoidemia, hypertension, change magnitude levels angiotensin, insulin resistance and diabetes, smoking, oestrogen deficiency. Several biochemical pathways have been described for those factors increasing the endothelial dysfunction. some other factors wish well hyperhomocysteinemia, realistic infection and oddly low or periodi cal shear stress are still discussed whether they significantly contribute to endothelial dysfunction 18-22. The phenotypic features of endothelial dysfunction are described as the reduced vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor capacity, an enhanced leukocyte adhesion, an increase of pro-thrombotic and reducing of fibrinolytic activity, and an increase in maturation-promoting.(2) Accommodation and Oxidation of LipoproteinsIn addition and due the endothelial dysfunction lipoproteins, especially low density lipoprotein (LDL), sequestered from plasm in the extracellular space of the arterial intima. Beside the extent of endothelial dysfunction, this process is depending on the concentration of LDL in the blood circulation 23. Even so several mechanisms have been proposed for transport of LDL into the arterial intima including vesicular ferry through endothelial cells, inactive sieving through endothelial-cell pores, passage between cells, its not finally understand. However, str ong evidence exist, that the accommodation of LDL in the arterial intima is not only a passive effect by a leaking vascular endothelium REF.Part of the lipoproteins that have entered the arterial wall stay on that point and are modified later(prenominal)ly. Especially the modification of the lipoproteins has a trapping function for die sel spoileden 24. The most common modification is the oxidation of lipoproteins, giving educate to hydroperoxides, lysophospholipides, oxysterols, and aldehydic breakdown products of fatty acids and phospholipids. exclusively further modification like fusion of lipoproteins, proteolysis, lipolytic degradation and glycation are well known 25.Such modified lipoproteins or particles of the modification process have inflammatory potential and stumble a topical anaesthetic inflammatory response responsible for signaling subsequent steps in the atherogenesis. It includes a further increased endothelial dysfunction, which may cause a vicious circle of LDL accumulation, and activation of variant cell types 24, 26, 27.(3) Migration of Monocytes and Transformation into Macrophages/Foam CellsMore important, the inflammatory response induces migration of leukocytes much(prenominal) as monocytes or lymphocytes into the lesion. Leukocytes are attracted by chemoattractant factors including modified lipoprotein particles themselves and chemoattractant cytokines depicted by the smaller spheres, such as the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor humiliation factor alpha (TNF-) get outd by vascular wall cells in response to the inflammatory process REF. The frantic arterial endothelial cells conduct a number of adhesion molecules and receptors on their surface, which participate in the recruitment of leukocytes from the blood to the nascent lesion REF.Macrophages are a key player in atherogenesis 27. They develop from recruited monocytes, which migrated as described above into the lesion. In the med iator stimulated process of maturation, those macrophages become lipid-laden foam cells by uptake of lipoprotein particles through receptor- negociated endocytosis REF. The accumulation of lipid in the macrophages results in the apoptosis and necrosis, which lead first to a boosted facial gesture and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and second to a release of their lipid waste into a necrotic lipid-core REF. Macrophages further produce enzymes, such as metalloproteinases, that drop the extracellular matrix and lead to instability of plaques REF.(4) Adhesion of platelets and Release of SMC energizing factorsThe inflammatory process, especially triggered by the necrosis of the foam cells, microscopic breaches in endothelial integrity may occur. Platelets adhere to such sites of limited endothelial denudation owing to exposure of the thrombogenic extracellular matrix of the underlying wine cellar membrane and form microthrombi. Although most of the arterial mural microthrombi resolve without any clinical manifestation, they lead indirectly to lesion progression by pro-fibrotic stimulation REF. The platelets, activated by adhesion, release numerous factors that promote a fibrotic response, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-) 28-30. Thrombin itself generates fibrin that has a pro-fibrotic stimulus 28.(5) Migration and Proliferation of SMCsThe pro-fibrotic response includes first the migration of SMC from the media of the arterial wall, through the internal elastic membrane, and the accumulation within the expanding intima of the arterial wall. Second, stimulate the proliferation of SMC, which is responsible to form the bulk of the advanced lesion. Another part of the advanced lesions is an increased extracellular matrix. TGF- and other mediators stimulate the interstitial collagen production by SMC. These mediators may arise not o nly from neighboring endothelial cells or leukocytes (a paracrine pathway) but also from the same cell that responds to the factor (an autocrine pathway). Together, these alterations in smooth-muscle cells, signaled by these mediators acting at short distances, can accelerate transformation of the early lesion (fatty streak) into a more fibrous SMC and extracellular matrix-rich plaque.(6) Enhanced accumulation of lipids, collagen and proteoglycansThe formation of a complex atherosclerotic lesion is characteristic by an extent remodeling process. Further foam cells within the expanding intimal lesion perish, while they phagocytose more and more lipids. The fibrotic cap between the so arisen lipid-rich necrotic core and the vascular lumen may vary in thickness and allows the classification of thin cap fibroatheroma, which correlates with a high(prenominal) risk for acute luminal thrombosis REF. The production of extracellular matrix, as well plaque evolution and complication can be stimulated by diverse growth factors or cytokines like IL-1 or TNF-, and can be inhibited by other cytokines (e.g. interferon alpha (IFN-)) REF.As atherosclerotic plaques advance, they introduce intimal arterial calcification REF. The same proteins, which can be found in bone, are also localize in atherosclerotic lesions, e.g., osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic proteins 31. Both, passive and active models are discussed for the training calcification 32. SMC can, promoted by several cytokines (e.g. transcription core binding factor 1), acquire osteoblast-like characteristics and secrete bone matrix 33.These examples illustrate how the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves a complex mix of mediators that in the balance determines the characteristics of fussy lesions REF.3.1.1.2 The Role of InflammationThe role of inflammation is central, while those inflammatory mechanisms mediate initiation, progression, and the complications of atherosclerotic lesions 26, 34. Th rough the inflammatory process, arterial endothelial cells begin to express on their surface selective adhesion molecules that bind various classes of leukocytes, especially monocyte and T lymphocyte which are found in early sympathetic and experimental atheroma REF. After monocytes adhere to the endothelium, they can first migrate in the intima, largely stimulated by chemokines and second transform into macrophages and avidly douse lipoproteins, largely oxidized LDL REF. Although the phagocytosis of potentially harmful lipid particles by macrophages and subsequently the transformation into foam cells has an initially protective, this process involves further expression and secretion of inflammatory chemokines like Interleukin (IL)-1, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-1 or Tumor Necrosis performer (TNF)-. Those enhance the inflammatory reaction and enable the further migration of leukocytes into the lesion REF. Macrophages also produce toxic oxygen species that cause additional oxidation of the LDL in the lesions, and they elaborate growth factors that may contribute to SMC proliferation REF. Similary, T lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+) are also recruited to the intima by chemo-attractants. Cross-talk between macrophages and T cells induces a chronic inflammatory defer regarding cellular and humoral immune activation characteristics.This state of a chronic inflammation leads also to the next observed steps in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Thus, it stimulates the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC), as well the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in the lesion. Through fibrogenic mediators, released from activated leukocytes and intrinsic arterial cells, the replication of SMCs is getting enhanced and contributes to elaboration by these cells of a dense extracellular matrix characteristic of the more advanced atherosclerotic lesion.3.1.1.3 Vasa Vasorum and Neo-AngiogenesisThe vasa vasorum of the aorta is as a rete in the wall of artery of microvessels, which are functional endarteries 35, 36. They either get up from major branches, originate from the main lumen of the aorta or drain in concomitant veins 37. These vessels allow the humoral communication between intravascular lumen, vessel wall and adventitial layer of large arteries including oxygen and nutrients supply REF.Several studies present that hypoxia 38, cytokines (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor) 39, 40, pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. hypertension or hypercholesterolemia) stimulate the growth of the vasa vasorum 41. Those increased microvascular network may contribute to inflammation and lesion complications in several ways. First, the vasa vasorum provides an abundant surface area for leukocytes trafficking and may serve as the inlet of entry and exit of white blood cells from the established atheroma.Microvessels in the plaques may also furnish foci for intraplaque hemorrhage. Like the neovessels in the diabeti c retina, microvessels in the atheroma may be friable and prone to rupture and can produce focal hemorrhage. Such a vascular leak leads to thrombosis in situ and thrombin generation from prothrombin. In addition to its role in blood coagulation, thrombin can modulate more aspects of vascular cell function, as described above. Atherosclerotic plaques ofttimes occupy fibrin and hemosiderin, an indication that episodes of intraplaque hemorrhage contribute to plaque complications.Multiple and often competing signals settle these various cellular events. Increasingly, we appreciate links between atherogenic risk factors, inflammation, and the neutered behavior of intrinsic vascular wall cells and infiltrating leukocytes that underlie the complex pathogenesis of these lesions.The present data indicate that vasa vasorum neoangiogenesis and atherosclerosis are seemingly inseparably linked, triggered and perpetuated by inflammatory reactions within the vascular wall.3.1.1.4 Risk Factors for Development of Atherosclerosis topical anesthetic shear stress In the coronary circulation, for example, the proximal left preliminary descending coronary artery exhibits a particular predilection for developing atherosclerotic disease. Likewise, atherosclerosis preferentially affects the proximal portions of the renal arteries and, in the extracranial circulation to the brain, the carotid bifurcation. Indeed, atherosclerotic lesions often form at branching points of arteries, regions of disturbed blood flow.Age, Gender, HTN, HLP, DM, Smoking, Race/Ethnicity,3.1.1.5 Atherosclerosis of the AortaIn the characteristic distribution of atherosclerotic plaques in humans the abdominal aorta (Fig. 11-8) is usually much more involved than the thoracic aorta, and lesions tend to be much more prominent or so the origins (ostia) of major branches. In descending order (after the lower abdominal aorta), the most severely involved vessels are the coronary arteries, the popliteal arteries, the internal carotid arteries, and the vessels of the circle of Willis. Vessels of the upper extremities are usually spared, as are the mesenteric and renal arteries, except at their ostia. Nevertheless, in an individual case, the severity of atherosclerosis in one artery does not predict the severity in another. In an individual, and indeed within a particular artery, lesions at various stages often coexist.2009_Dijk_The natural history of aortic atherosclerosis_A systematic histopathological evaluation of the peri-renal region.pdf3.1.2 peripheral arterial Disease circumferential Arterial Disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis and represents the most common cause of lower extremity ischemic syndromes in developed countries 42. Symptoms of PAD are variable including pain, ache, hair loss, thickened nails, smooth and undimmed skin, reduced skin temperature, cramp, muscle atrophy, or a mother wit of tire out in the muscles. Because of the variability of symptoms, the diagnosis of PDA is frequently missed 43. In addition, the major part of patients with PAD is asymptomatic REF.Beside these diagnostic challenges, PAD affects a large and increasing numbers of patients worldwide. Round 30 million plurality are diseased in worldwide, but of those only 10 million patients are presenting with symptoms 44. Further, the prevalence is increasing with age 6, 45, while the prevalence is 10% at the age of 60 years 46. link to mortality3.1.2.1 Pathogenesis of Peripheral Artery DiseaseThe leading cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, especially in older patients (40 years) and at the lower extremities 42. Other, but rare causes of PAD include embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, entrapment, and trauma.Atherosclerotic lesions, which are segmental and cause stenosis, are usually place to large and medium-sized vessels. The pathology of these lesions is based on atherosclerotic plaques development, as described above (xxx). The primary sites of involvement are the a bdominal aorta and iliac arteries (30% of symptomatic patients), the femoral and popliteal arteries (80-90%), and the more distal arteries (40-50%) REF. Atherosclerotic lesions have been predominantly observed at arterial branch points. These may be explained by change shear stress REF. However, the involvement of the distal and smaller arteries is more common in elderly individuals and patients with diabetes mellitus REF.3.1.2.2 Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease firearm atherosclerosis is the major underlying condition of PAD, the risk factors for PAD are essentially the same as those for other form of atherosclerosis (like e.g. CAD), see remit 1 47-50. However, the risk factors smoking and diabetes may have even greater effect for PAD as compared for CAD 51.Risk Factors change magnitude risk for PADHypercholesterolemia1- to 2-fold (low)Homocysteinemia1- to 3-fold (moderate)Hypertension1- to 3-fold (moderate)Smoking (current and past)2- to 4-fold (high)Diabetes mellitu s2- to 4-fold (high)Table 1 Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease3.1.2.3 clinical Presentation of Peripheral Artery DiseasePAD affects more often the lower extremities (xx times more often than upper extremities) REF. The most common symptom of PAD is intermittent gameness, which is defined as presence of pain, ache, cramp, numbness, or a sense of fatigue in the muscles. Those symptoms occur during exercise and are relieved by rest, as result of the increased muscle ischaemia during exercise caused by obstruction to arterial flow.Patients with PAD in the lower extremities resulting in ischemia may range in presentation from no symptoms to limb-threatening subdue. Two major classifications based on the clinical presentations are established, the Fontaine and the Rutherford classification.While the more unproblematic Fontaine classification consists of four stages (Table 2) 52, the Rutherford classification has four sexual conquests (0- leash) and seven categories (0-6). Asymptomatic patients are classified into Rutherford category 0. whatever patient with claudicants are stratified into Rutherford grade I and divided into three categories based on the severity of the symptoms. If patients have pain at rest, they belong to Rutherford grade II and category 4. Any patient with create from raw stuff loss are classified into Rutherford grade III and categories 5 and 6, based on the significance of the tissue loss 4. These two clinical classifications can be translated into each other according to Table 2.Fontaine ClassificationRutherford ClassificationStageClinicalGradeCategoryClinicalIAsymptomatic00AsymptomaticIIaMild claudicationI1Mild claudicationIIbModerate to severe claudicationI2Moderate claudicationI3 distasteful claudicationIIIIschemic rest painII4Ischemic rest painIVUlceration or gangreneIII5Minor tissue lossIII6Major tissue lossTable 2 Classification of Peripheral Arterial Disease based on the Fontaine Classification in affinity the Ruther ford ClassificationIn the Framingham Offspring Study, the prevalence of PAD was determined in 1554 males and 1759 females from 1995 to 1998.55 The mean age was 59 years. PAD, defined as an ankle-brachial (blood pressure) index (ABI) of ABI causticity of PADThe physician also queried the participant about symptoms of intermittent claudication using a standardized questionnaire 53.3.2 Local fatty Tissue Depots 3.2.1 variance of Adipose Tissue 3.2.1.1 Anatomy and MorphologySACK Epicardial, mesenteric, and omental fat all share the same origin from the splanchnopleuric mesoderm associated with the gut.11Pericardial fat (pericardial fatty tissue PAT) is defined as epicardial fat in all these possible locations plus paracardial fat.14 Paracardial fat is situated on the external surface of the parietal pericardium within the mediastinum and has alternatively been termed mediastinal fat.15Paracardial fat originates from the primitive thoracic mesenchyme, which splits to form the pariet al (fibrous) pericardium and the outer thoracic wall.16 Epicardial adipose tissue is supplied by branches of the coronary arteries, whereas paracardial fat is supplied from different etymons including the pericardiacophrenic artery, a branch of the internal mammary.17 Lipolysis and lipogenesis have not been calculated directly in human epicardial fat. Based on approximately 2-fold higher rates of lipolysis and lipogenesis in guineapig epicardial fat than other fat depots, Marchington et al18,19 proposed that EAT serves to buzz off and store intravascular free fatty acid (FFA) to protect cardiomyocytes from exposure to riotous coronary arterial FFA concentrations during increased naught intake and, at other times, to release FFA as an immediate ATP source for the myocardium during periods of need. Epicardial fat and the myocardium are contiguous. Islands of mature adipocytes are more frequent within the subepicardial myocardium of the RV than the LV13 and may act as more readily available, direct sources of FFA for cardiomyocytes.The thickness of the wall of the right atrium is about 2 mm the left atrium, 3 to 5 mm the RV, 3 to 5 mm and the LV, 13 to 15 mm.20 Possibly, FFAs could diffusebidirectionally in interstitial fluid across concentration gradients from epicardial fat into the atrial and RV walls where EAT predominates and vice versa, but this process in the LV wall can be questioned because the diffusion distance is much longer.Peri-vascular adipose tissue is defined as any adipocytes, which are located close to the vascular wall and has the possibility to secret their biomarkers into the vasa vasora of the wall (see 3.2.1.2).3.2.1.2 Secretion of Biomarkers by Adipose TissueAdipose tissue is known to have more functions than lipid storing. Adipose tissue secrets biomarkers and serves as an endocrine organ. Beside hormones, it secrets also different inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The amount of adipose tissue were associated to xxx, xxx, xxx ( FRAMINGHAM?). Especially peri-vascular adipose tissue like epicardial or visceral adipose tissue exhibit higher expression of inflammatory biomarkers compared to other adipose tissue depots in the trunk REF.Beside the systemic effect of the secreted cytokines and chemokines, also a local effect/paracrine is hypothesied. Biomarkers secreted of peri-vascular adipose tissue reach over the vasa vasora of the major arteries their adventitia, media, and intima. Therefore it might be involved in the inflammatory process of atherosclerotic plaque. Further, a local effect can be thought by direct diffusion.3.2.2 Association of Adipose Tissue to Cardiovascular Disease 3.2.2.1 Atherosclerosis 3.2.2.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.2.3 In-Vivo Assessmentof Adipose Tissue 3.2.3.1 Traditional Measures* BMI and WC 543.2.3.2 Imaging-based Assessment* dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 55* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 56, 57* ultrasound 58* multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) 59, 603. 3 Framingham punk Study 3.3.1 Historical Origin of the Framingham Heart StudyInfectious diseases were forward to orbit War II the major burden for public wellness. But through a greater microbiological knowledge and improved sanitation, the morbidity and mortality of infectious disease decreased continuously. When penicillin was introduced in 1942, a dramatic decrement was made in the prevalence and incidence of infectious diseases, especially by controlling tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia REF.Replacing infectious diseases, public health was challenged by a mounting epidemic of CVD starting in the 1940s. With World War II over the alarming rise of CVD became increasingly evident. In the United States, 30% of all men developed CVD before reach the age sixty. The prevalence of CVD was twice of cancer by 1950 and had become the leading cause of death REF. Even so the available statistic data from around the world was often crude and inaccurate, it clearly demonstrated a wo rldwide atherosclerotic CVD problem.Furthermore there was no known treatment to go life and to reduce mortality. Added to these distresses was the fact that little was known about etiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of CVD.The big gap between the enormous public health burden of CVD on the one site and the little understanding of this disease on the other site increased drastically the need for action. At this time, some believed a primary preventative approach was more promising than a appear for cures Dawber, Thomas R. (1980), The Framingham Study The Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Disease, Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press., while the secrets of the etiology of CVD and subsequently for treatment were not being uncovered by basic laboratory and clinical research. Some of these prevention-minded individuals occupied positions of influence and were able to translate their beliefs into actions.The key was to develop a preventive approach, where first of all the char acteristics of the host and environment, which lead to the early appearance of the disease, had to be determined. In particular, preventable or modifiable predisposing factors had to be identified. If a practical preventive approach was developed, the hope was that doctors and public health officials would adopt it and so have a widespread impact on the reduction of CVD-based morbidity and mortality.Accordingly to the preventive approach, the Framingham Heart Study was knowing given the charge to identify these modifiable characteristics of host and environment for CVD.3.3.2 excogitation of the Framingham Heart StudyBy the mid 1940s several contact lens studies were conducted with an examples epidemiological approach in the fields of nutritional imbalance, metabolic disorders, occupational hazards, accidents, cancer and rheumatic fever under principle investigators (PI) Drs. Dawber, Meadors and Moore REF, Dawber, Meadors and Moore 1951. In common, an familiarity between the circ umstances and the disease could be identified with-out knowledge of the precise etiology.One of those studies was performed by Dr. John Snow in 1936. He demonstrated that cut-ting off the water supply from contaminated wells, despite incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease, stopped cholera. He observed on the one hand the source of the water supply and on the other hand the time and place where the disease occurred. He sufficiently pinpointed based on his observations the major environmental factor for cholera. Further investi

Evaluation of Materials Management Information System

Evaluation of Materials wariness cultivation SystemExecutive SummaryThe purpose of this report is to judge the effectiveness of the be Materials worry System (MMS) in ABC complex body part, identify the gaps in business processes and define substance abuser needs and stakeholders expectations concerning the carrying into action of new Information System (IS) proposed by the Modernization Committee of the Company. sports stadium study and look for by means of questionnaires showed that there were major failures in the existing MMS in the world of ho nary(prenominal) of planning, railing and parentage of materials and equipment. There was no interconnected automatise control over the materials planning process. tradeers and providers entropybases were poor. Tracking of materials was processed through MS Excel spreadsheet making the expediting of Suppliers submissions in economical as some beats the selective training was simply lost which led to mismatch between the Company and Suppliers info in the context of delivery situation.The control and monitoring of the materials in line of credit was characterized by inefficient inventory paperwork. The overall MMS documentation was not well-rounded enough provoking heavy workload, manual verification of the data and unacceptable reporting which consequently caused failures to meet construction completion deadlines.The proposed IS bore MM was faultfindingly evaluated as a potential solution for the automation of MMS in ABC body structure. Taking into consideration principle business objectives the achievement of IS was diagnosed by means of IS Success Framework certain by DeLone and McLean (see adjunct 1).The outcome of the analysis showed that IS proved to be applicable and could meet the expectations of all Senior Management or Materials personnel, and to align with the Companys strategy and business objectives. The master(prenominal) processes of Materials Management and the relations between ABC Construction and traffickers/Suppliers screwing be efficiently managed and coordinated if proposed IS is implemented.The recommendation to utilize the proposed wear down MM for efficient Material Management was supported. Professional MM IS and quicken of execution can post the Company faster judgment of conviction to market, potential growth as a long-term objective and thus, sustainable future of the business. get along all-encompassing financial analysis for IS executing project will be conducted by the fiscal Department and presented to stakeholders in order to make final investiture decision.IntroductionABC Construction is a medium Russian Construction Company founded in 1995 specializing in general construction, construction management, and design services. It is a material-intensive business in which control over materials necessary for construction has a major impact on the revenue of the company.In order to nettle the current transaction of Material Management System, identify its inefficiency and define user needs and expectations of the stakeholders with regards to implementation of new proposed Information System (IS) a field study and research through questionnaires were conducted.Based on the results of the interviews and data from the questionnaires of 1 Project Director, 4 Project Managers, 4 Contracts Managers, 5 Chief Engineers, 3 Material Managers and 10 Materials Coordinators the major drawbacks of the existing MMS were identified in the field of planning, tracking and inventory of materials and equipment.The following implications are summarized to describe the outcome of the research with regards to MMS utilized in the CompanyThere is no efficient automated control over the materials planning process. Vendors and Suppliers database is poor, not up-to-date, not all the required information included. Vendor Data requirements are not defined in terms of requisitions, package and purchase orders (PO), no materials sp ecifications available and deliveries timelines indicated. No broad pricing information available in the system.Tracking process of shape of materials and equipment deliveries is done through MS Excel spreadsheets making the expediting of Vendor submissions inefficient. A number of Materials Specialists and Coordinators are working on one spreadsheet at the resembling time and overdue to human element while transferring data information may be lost. This causes the mismatch between the Company and the Contractors data in terms of materials status.Inefficient control over the materials in stock. Inventory reports are not detailed shortages of materials are not contract and can be depicted by means of PIVOT tables only. Materials Coordinators working in heterogeneous projects of the Company sometimes do not have enough time for monitoring the stock which can cause such major problems as failures to meet construction completion deadlines and initial budget deficit due to incident al expenditures caused by damaged/lost or undelivered materials which were not correctly indicated in craftwork database.The overall MMS documentation is not comprehensive process sheets, inventory records, material requisitions, material call-off schedules, shortage notes, lot tickets, delivery notes and quality mental test sheets provide incomplete information and you have to take time and imply to another documents and spreadsheets to find the required information. There are no procedures on document standards between the Company and its vendors/suppliers. Contract Managers are not cheery with the reporting system which is not transparent enough and is to be developed to better standards.Due to the Companys Modernization Strategy and taking into account the gaps in the existing MMS a standard integrated IS SAP MM (Materials Management) was proposed for implementation within the Company.The main objectives of IS Implementation set by the Senior Management are as followsTo ens ure that ABC Construction has the right material, in the right place, at the right quantity and price.To develop and unify materials cerebrate procedures and make materials purchase, transfer and receipt clear for all involved parties.To plosive speech sound competitive in construction market and build a sustainable future.Analysis and ImplicationsIn order to assess the integral ERP solution SAP MM (module that is used for Procurement Handling and Inventory Management) was reviewed to evaluate the pertinence of IS to meet the requirements of the stipulated business objectives. IS was inspected through the application of the success metrics specified in Updated IS Success lay developed by DeLone and McLean.SAP MM success evaluation based upon success metrics aligned with stakeholders expectations is indicated in the table below.IS Success DimensionsValued QualitiesPreliminary Assessment of SAP MM1Information QualityUsabilityInformation is comprehensive and complete.Consistent trac k of historical data.Availability / ReliabilityData can be accessed from sixfold geographical locations, IS stable and reliable.AdaptabilityIS flexible computer architecture with high scalability.Response timeReal-time application, response time is short.2System Quality gist PersonalizedClear definition of user access rights.CompletenessIS covers all stages from mean to Procurement and Warehousing (see Appendix 2).High integration with other ERP systems.relevantSingle data storage with the relevant data.SecureR/3, 3-tier architecture database, application server and client, all data stores on server side.Encrypted client-server data transfer.3Service QualityAssuranceIS if fully integrated and do not require additional adaptation.Developer Support24/7 helpdesk. subdued remote administration options.4UsageSimplicity of operationstaple training usually takes 5-10 days.User-friendly interface.Quick Access to the most updated data.5User satisfactionBusiness purposesorientationSAP MM is able to provide the required graphs and analytics for planning, tracking and inventory reporting structures are clear and flourishing to reconfigure.6Net benefitsImproved Cost ControlIS lowers total court of ownership with a scalable and flexible solution that enables to implement enterprise-wide changes and deploy them globally.IS make betters efficiency with a solution that has the functionality to support the business processes.Improved strategic and Operational ProcurementIS optimizes vendor base, corrects inventory turnover and vibration times, and reduces working(a) costs.IS covers all tasks within the supply chemical chain, including consumption-based planning, planning, vendor evaluation and invoice verification. It alike includes inventory and warehouse management to manage stock until usage dictates the cycle should begin again.Electronic Kanban/Just-in-Time delivery is supported.Information transparencyIS enables management precaution support overall decision-ma king processes.IS facilitates time saving.One of the main objectives of the capabilities of described IS is to improve streamline collaboration between the Materials Department and its suppliers while drastically diminish procurement and inventory costs and maximizing the value of relationships on twain sides. Thus, the supplier participation and automation of cross-company processes are increasing which leads to enhancing the supply chain visibility, to increasing the overall speed accuracy, and adaptability of Vendors which is vital for construction field.Proposed IS can improve and simplify the inventory procedures and control over stock in the Company. IS Supplier portal component is available. That eliminates manual data entry, improves internal and external communications and reduces errors and process costs. IS provides the required transparency of the Material Management processes and Supplier/Vendor base visibility enabling companies to monitor and evaluate suppliers with real-time performance feedback.The following expectations of the Company can be met if proposed IS is implementedAutomation, simplification and speedup of Material Management processes.Less mismatching between Supplier/Vendor and the Companys status documentationAccurate and detailed information on Supplier/Vendor abilities and rates.Improved reporting system and configuration of the reports per requirements of Senior Management, Materials Staff and Financial Dept.Lowered procurement and inventory costs improved asset utilization. decreased risk of supply and delays through the efficient IS electronic tracking.Reduced downtime overtime paperwork, adjustment and compilation of the forms.RecommendationsBased on the results of SAP MM critical evaluation the IS proves to be applicable in order to develop or replace the existing MMS in ABC Construction and to meet the expectations of each Senior Management or Materials personnel, and to align with the Companys strategy and business o bjectives. The lead processes of Materials Management can be fully monitored and controlled if proposed IS is implemented.Therefore, the recommendation to utilize the proposed SAP MM for efficient Material Management is supported. To build a sustainable future and to remain competitive in construction market the materials and equipment as well as relations of ABC Construction with Vendors/Suppliers can be efficiently managed and coordinated through proposed SAP MM. Professional MM IS and speed of execution can provide the Company with faster time to market and potential growth of business as a long-term objective.Further comprehensive financial assessment in terms of costs and commercialized value, benefits and risks of the IS implementation project is to be conducted by the Financial Department and presented to stakeholders in order to make final investment decision. Microsoft Rapid Economic plea (REJ) Framework can be recommended for further reference see experience below.Bibl iography1. Bancroft NH, Sep H, Sprengel A., 1998, Implementing SAP R/3 (2nd edn.), Manning Publications Greenwich, CT.2. Carr N.G., IT Doesnt Matter, Harvard Business Review, 2003.3. DeLone, W.H., and McLean, E.R., 2003, The DeLone and McLean Model of Information System Success A Ten-Year Update, Journal of MIS, vol. 19,no.4, pp. 9-30.4. DeLone, W.H., and McLean, E.R., 1992, Information systems success The quest for the dependent variable, Information Systems Research, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 60-95.5. Microsoft (2010). Build an air-tight business case for new IT investments, 2005. Online. Available from http//www.microsoft.com/business/enterprise/value.mspx Accessed 15 January 20106. SAP (2010) Workload Overview. Online.Available from http//help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/21/2c8f38c7215428e10000009b38f8cf/content.htm Accessed 14 January 20107. SAP (2010) MM Overview. Online.Available from http//www.docstoc.com Accessed 12 January 20108. Seddon, P.B. Staples, D.S. Patnayakuni, R. an d Bowtell, M.J., The dimensions of information systems success. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 2, art. 20. Retrieved January 10, 2010, from www.clemson.edu9. Skok, W., and Kalmanovitch, C., 2005, Evaluating the Role and specialty of an Intranet in facilitating Knowledge Management, Information Management, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 731-744.10. Skok, W., and Legge, M., 2002, Evaluating Enterprise alternative Planning (ERP) Systems using an Interpretive Approach, Knowledge and Process Management, vol.9, no. 2, pp. 72-82.11. Skok, W., Kophamel, A., and Richardson, I., 2001, Diagnosing Information Systems Success Importance-Performance Maps in the Health Club manufacture, Information and Management, vol.38, no. 7, pp. 409-419.12. Willcocks, L.P., and Lester, S (eds.), 1999, Beyond the IT Productivity Paradox, Wiley. Chichester.

Knorr Soup Marketing Analysis

Knorr dope up merchandise AnalysisKnorr proceeds is sold in 87 countries their punch crease is Good Food Matters only soup in India which has 18%growth.It holds a majority of commercialize space 55%.Maggi is one of the main vane of clutch Knorr ne arst competitors .It was first company to launch package soup in India in 1989.New punch line of maggi Taste Bhi Health Bhi subsequently(prenominal) relaunching its brand.QNo.1 which segments ar being geted and strategies engagement to influence the target segment fool Segment-Here we can devide the soup brand into two segment1. Demographics2. PsychographicsDemographics- tightfistednessUrbanSameAge30-358-15GenderFemaleMale / effeminateLifecycle stageMarried with childrenKids early teensMinimum Income25000N/a upbringingGraduatePrimary /secondary schoolPsychographic-Social class upper middle ,Low upper and upper- upper class resemblingLife stylesBelievers,achievers personalityAmbitious , trendyExtrovert, ConfidentMarketing dodgin g ( both(prenominal) knorr and Maggi soup)KnorrMaggi soup crossroad strategyGood food is their main priorityResponsible for well(p) and wellnessy foodCategorized soup in three exploiter friendly namesRelaunched with what the consumer wantProducing tasty and healthy soup for consumersThey are alike mainly focus on taste and health.Pricing strategyKnorr soup point between Rs 29 to 33 ,34gm to 65 gm.Maggi roam between 29 and 30,40gm to 70gm pack borderline price development maturation in past few years that effect customer base.Marginal price did not increase so much that help to increase brand loyality.Place strategyAvailable in almost in all supermarket and departmental storesMaggi soups are available mostly in supermarkets and actually few storesNo presence in the rural market actually -very less presence in the rural marketPromotion strategyEffective advertisement of Knorr as compared to maggi.Less advertisement than Knorr soup religious go refreshed India flavor accor ding to customer consumeOffering alike(p) flavor approximately threeDoes not believe in to a prominenter extent discount offerProviding diverse offer and schemes. Recently they are offering maggi noodles with soup pack and 20%extra on some pack. some(prenominal) are spending huge in promotional activities,both use up antithetic strategy to target the market further both have same target market.I compared both the brand because it helps us to give clear draw of both companies strategy.QNo.2 Different promotional tools used and the strategy behind using these toolsPromotional tools and strategies-Besides the proliferation of convenience-driven lifestyles and the array of variants, advertising and marketing too have played significant roles in enlarging the category.Extensive deployment of ATL( Above The Line ) and BTL(Below The Line) tools by manufacturers and marketers have certainly pushed awareness and demand for ready soup mixes.Nestle India, for instance, has been aggre ssively promoting its Maggi soups through high-frequency television spots, which have played a great role in not just communicating the benefits of the product to target consumers, entirely its Taste Bhi, HealthBhi tagline has also helped elevate the profile of the category differentwise hand, are positioned as wellness meal solutions.HUL has been banking extensively in employing various mass media to conjure its Knorr range of soups. It was due to the creative and intelligent spatial relation of the brand in mass media that Knorr developed into the draw of the category in India. Its aggressive marketing strategies, strong distribution system and the wide range of flavors make knorr the market leader in this category. Hindustan Unilever further benefited from a realignment of its flavors of Knorr soups low the Snacky, Oriental and Classic ranges, to make it easier for consumers to make buying decisions, as they were at once less confused about the different flavors.The compan y has focused on distribution channels to popularize its new range by ensuring that its up market international flavors in the Oriental and Snaky ranges gain greater visibility in modern outlets, while its Classic range is more than visible at kirana stores and in smaller towns and cities.In terms of media promotions, both Knorr and Nestle have been center on conveying the taste and health aspects of their soups for the entire family.In 2008, Hindustan Unilever introduced a new advertising campaign, which turned the formal middle class Indian household image on its level .The campaign for Knorr featured Aman( Actor) making Knorr soup for dinner for the entire family, but mainly to lift the spirits of his wife. With this advertisement, the company not just fling Knorr as a feel good food, but also promoted its drug user friendliness. Capital Foods has also been very active and persuasive in promoting its brand.The advertising strategy Nestle and Maggi both promoting health wit h taste. All the nutritional nurture and health aspects are mentioned on the packs but they are promoting the range strictly to offer something that will gratify the demand for soup.At the sell end, employing strategic merchandise strategies and in store promotions to endorse the product features are also essential. So what is happening in the store? Well, merchandising at the retail end is certainly important as the category is still not the part of shopping list of Indian housewives. Smart merchandising at the retail end can also generate interest and disposition purchase. The soup category is still evolving, it is important to drive penetration and seduce trials. Merchandising is the key to drive this category. You would see lots of cross promotions, bundled offers and other kind of promotions in soups.Product features / USPs can be communicated through in store communication.Companies also use especially designed outer cartons as a communication medium this serves the dual purpose of visual merchandising and stocking on shelf.Q.3.Which strategy out of Pull or Push is used and why?Push Strategy-A push promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers.Pull Strategy-A pull selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producersSo this is clear from the definition this is pull strategy because both Nestle and HUL are spending heavily on promotion activities. Due to that activities consumer demand product from retailers of own choice.QNo.4 Critically Appraise the Promotional strategy of your selected brand.I compared Knorr and Maggie soup both are using aggressive marketing strategy to promote the product . .But if we have to chose one product than Knorr has better promotion and ordain strategy. But maggi has fewer prices and healthier but admit to focus on more promotion. Recently knorr took Kajol as a brand ambassador but Maggie is focusing on small artist.Both companies are not focusing rural battleground. So they have to focus on rural area because rural area has huge potential market. For they can introduce new flavor and new pack with less price. In India there is large potential market for soup so they have to focus on enhancing that maket.Knorr soup has more prices as compared to Maggie soup if they want to increase the market share and want to stand as a market leader they have to provide various promotional offers with knorr soup pack. Knorr brand is more serious about its soup than Maggi. It has connotation of functional brand and after coming into the levers fold, its vi sibility and presence has been noticed more by consumers. Soup has still a small market and for its consumption to become habit, companies need to invest heavily. Unlike the rest of categories where some amount of efforts may be required. They are targeting women and children for soup because women are caring about children health as well as family health. So they do purchasing most of the time.So it is prerequisite for that companies to target the segment carefully by giving their benefits about health.This is a very lucrative and conscious market.Women are emotionally attached with the family where as children always believe in masti and mazza while doing eating.They believe in eating those thing which prepare in less time and good in taste.Both the company doing very well for targeting those market with greater spending on promotional advertisement.

Using Big Data to Defend Against Cyber Threats

Using prodigious entropy to Defend Against Cyber ThreatsAbstractIn todays world, in that respect ar petabytes of info beingness moved by the minute, that info is examine and algorithms be highly-developed so companies send word critique and correct their services, ultimately increasing their profit, this is called extensive selective information. majority of the being moved holds critical information such as hearty guarantor numbers, health information, billets, passwords and more. When selective information is compromised BILLIONS of dollars atomic number 18 at risk, affecting the go withs uprightness and the people who info is stolen efflihood, the credential of well-favored information is indispensable to a companys present and prox success. abundant selective information is the prominent volume information which is difficult in processing through traditional method acting. aegis and concealment for spacious selective information as well as w ax-grown information management and analytics are important for cyber security. As the field of Cyber Security is increasingly becoming more and more in indigence both day, titanic selective information is being pushed to the forefront rapidly for big businesses. Big entropys principal(prenominal) role is to mine and analyze large organizes of information to hap behavioural trends and common patterns. From a cyber security perspective, I feel as though big information has ushered in a new wave of possibilities in regards to analytics and provided security solutions to prevent and nurse data from future cyber-attacks. I deport cyphered through large amounts text in regards to big datas effectiveness. It is important to meet its effectiveness to better help companies both utilize and nurse its data from cyber criminals. The break- break through participants pointed protrude that Big information synopsis for cyber security is for beady-eyed obstructionist that can la unch attacks to avoid being fall uponed. The Privacy preserving biometric authentication essential be secured and biometrics represent sensitive information that needs to be strongly protected. Big Data digest for Preventing cyber-attacks is vital important in security and data management. Enforcing plan of attack control policies in big data stores is very important approach to secure the big data.Keywords Network Protection, Analytics, and abstractIntroductionBig data is key to the evolution of technology, it is utilize to improve the services companies provide by developing algorithms through analyzation of to severally one personars data. An warning of big data would be the popular social media application Instagram. any drug user has access to an explore page, that explore page is based dour the pictures each user likes, comments on or may relieve oneself in common with a follower. This small action, improves the experience of the user and increases the time the user uses that application, ultimately bringing in more money. Big data is act to be used on bigger platforms including financial services, health services, weather, politics, sports, acquisition and re wait, automobiles, realistic estate, and now cyber security. An important steering to monitor your interlocking is to set up a big data summary program. Big data analysis is the process of examining large data sets to unc everyplace hidden patterns, inscrutable correlations, market trends, customer preferences and new(prenominal)wise useful business information. So with our issuing being how big data analytics can prevent cyber-attack, its a jolly simple answer that knowing what data is traveling on your meshing can help prevent a cyber-attack by helping you to excision everything that comes onto the network where you can decide if it make be harmful or not. This research will show proficient how simple it is to fleck unfamiliar data in your network and track where eac h piece of data goes.Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets. Big data are placid through social networking, cell phones, interacting mesh application. Billions of bytes of data are collected through various medium every minutes. Big data demands cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and last making. in that respect is al focuss issue on the storage and processing these large data set. Storage, management and analysis of large quantities of data alike result in security and privacy violations. Privacy and security have compromised while storing, managing and analyzing the large quantities of large data. When come up toing with big data, it is necessary to maintain the well eternal sleep approach towards regulations and analytics. (http//ceur-ws.org/Vol-1097/STIDS2013_P1_JanssenGrady.pdf)Data management and analytical techniques can be used to solve security problems. The massive amounts of data are b eing collected and this data has to be analyzed to defend cyber-attacks. There are issues on security and privacy for big data, data management and analytics to secure the data. Big Data is major in database management. There are many an(prenominal) data communities that they are developing large data and its solutions for expeditiously managing and analyzing large sets of data. Big Data research and development need to do in academic, industrial and g everyplacenment research labs to protect it. Cloud data management accept malware detection, insider curse detection, intrusion detection, and spam filtering.There needs more prudence in security and privacy considerations for Big Data including musical arrangements, data and networks. Big organization or government agency who are the big data collector need to come together to develop solutions for Big Data security and privacy. The big data privacy, integrity and trust policies need to raise inside the context of Big Data secu rity. The accretion and mining data concerning user activities and travel can be used to find come in across geo graphical areas like knowing the originated of the any disease that come forthbreak. The arrangement on the social media, posting videos and photos and status can help to recognize to any criminal or terrorist activities. There are many other domains and data technologies play the major role in strengthening security.The break-out participants pointed out that Big Data analysis for cyber security needs to deal with adaptive, malicious adversary that can potentially launch attacks to avoid being detected. The self-abnegation of information attacks is one of the attack that has to be considered as big flagellum for data privacy. Big data analysis for cyber security need to pop off in high volume like data coming from denary intrusion detection systems and sensors and high noise environments, changing normal system usage data is mixed with stealth advanced persistent threat concernd data. Big data analytical tools that can integrate data from host, network, social networks, bug reports, mobile devices, and internet of things sensors to detect attacks.The biometric authentication must(prenominal) be secured. The authentication requires recording biometrics of users and used for matching with templates provided by users at authentication time. Templates of user biometrics represent sensitive information that needs to be strongly protected. In the different environments in which users have to interact with many different service providers have to interact by applying hashing security technique.Today, cyber threat is increasing because existing security measure systems are not capable of detecting them. Previously, attacks had simpleton aim to attack or destroy the system. However, the destination of Holocene epoch hacking onrush has changed from leaking selective information and end of services to attacking large-scale systems such as critical institution and state authority. Existing defense reaction applied science to detect these tone-beginning are based on pattern matching method acting which are very limited. To defend against these stranger attacks. Researchers can send word a new simulation based on big data analysis technique that can extract information to detect future attacks. This author state Within the last few 4 virtuoso of twelvemonth, Network Behavior synopsis (NBA) has been one of these emerging technologies that have been rat as a security direction tool to improve the genuine network surety status. The briny focusing of NBA is to proctor inbound and outward-bound dealings associated with the network to ensure that nothing is getting into the host, package, and application policy-making program systems which helps enhance the overall security measuring section of the network at all story ( Anand, T). It is stated that approximately 25 % of large endeavor systems will be using NBA by 2011. First, the model has exact proactive capableness posture toward preventing any security incident because the computer architecture is material body with technologies that discover most security events in advancement while it misses opportunities to detect and firmness other small menace forward it become problems job for the network.Enforcing access control policies in big data stores is to secure the data storage. Some of the recent Big Data systems seize its users to submit arbitrary jobs using programming languages. This creates challenges to enforce fine grained access control efficiently for different users. To control such challenge there need to apply how to efficiently enforce such policies in late developed Big Data stores.Big Data analysis for Preventing Cyber Attacks is vital important in security and data management. Big Data analysis systems that can easily track sensitive data using the bewitch provenance information can potentially detect sensitive information goes in the hackers hand. Building the provenance aware Big data analysis systems is needed for cyberattack prevention. The big data tool is for cyber security can potentially mine useful attacker motivations, technical capabilities, and modus to prevent future attacks.At the point when managing security issues in the present civil argument encompassing enormous information investigation, the feeling that one may frequently stack up is that we are within the sight of a contention between positions which sanctimony without much of a stretch be accommodated. It is as though security measures were an obstacle to development spoke to by the open doors offered by big data, a weight originating from the past. Then again as though big data will bring the end of protection, an inescapable infringement of the hugger-mugger circle for mechanical advancement. We tend to be skeptical on this horizon of a contention and, rather, we feel this is just history rehashing itself, like each time an inno vation move happens, particularly at its initial stage. Toward the end, it is every one of an innocent encounter between the individuals who just observe the rankles and the individuals who just chance on the advantages. The story however is considerably more perplexing and, over the time, these prerequisites cant fit in clich plans. To state it in an unexpected way big data investigation is digging in for the long haul, and to boot security. The objective of this part is to blueprint how the innovative capacity to remove entertain from information for cutting edge society and the control over it, which is exemplified by security standards, can succeed together.Understanding InfrastructureThe more data security experts must analyze, the better they can understand the infrastructure of a interlocking network. The big network attacks of recent memory are analyzed on a big data scale This shows analyst, how to improve the invent of the networks infrastructure and implement security tools to negate cyber-attacks. The more secure and well the foundation of a network is the less likely data would be compromised.Understanding HackersBig data is also being used to hint which hacker is guilty of committing the cyber-attack. Security experts can analyze attacks and connect the hackers habits or routines when they attack a network. Cyber experts can react quickly and perform efficiently when theyre familiar with a hackers routine, possibly tracking the hackers actions and possibly finding the location of the hacker. In addition, by using big data, security experts are also able to find hackers through different social media platforms such as, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and many other forums that may be a site where other hackers may reside.Hacking has leaked personal selective information or were done for just fame, tho recent hacking targets fellowship, administration agencies. This variety of attempt is commonly called tending(predicate) (Advanced decided Threat). APT attack is a special kind of onslaught that use mixer engineering, zero-Day picture and other techniques to penetrate the target scheme and persistently collect valuable entropy. It can give massive impairment to matter agencies or initiative. Another author states An advanced persistent threat (APT) uses septuple forms to break into a network, avoid detection, and harvest valuable information over the long full term. This info-graphic particular s the attack phases, methods, and need that particularize APTs from other targeted approach (Siegel, J. E.). Security system of pattern for spotting and security measure system of rules against cyber-onrush are firewalls, trespass detection arrangement, encroachment band system, anti -viruses answer , data base encryption, DRM solutions etc. Moreover, integrated observe technologies for managing system log are used. These security department solutions are developed based on signature. Per various reports, trespass detection systems and intrusion nix systems are not capable of defending against APT onset because there are no signature tune. Therefore, to overcome this issue, security expert is trigger to apply data minelaying technologies to detect previously targeted attacks. We propose a new exemplar based on big data analysis technology to prevent and detect previously unknown APT attacks. APT attack is usually done in four steps intrusion, searching, collection and attack. Figure one describes the attack procedure in detail.Development of Security ToolsHackers can develop complex tools that can find vulnerabilities in a network. By way of big data, cyber experts can develop tools to counter the hacker, aiding security experts in compliance reporting, monitoring, alerting and overall management of complex systems. A big data analytical tool a lot of companies are becoming familiar with is Lumify.LumifyLumify is an open source tool that creates a visualization platform for analysis of big data, in cluding 2D and 3D graph visualizations, full-text search, complex histograms, interactive geographic exemplifys, and collaborative workspaces.Search ResultsThe user can upload their own personal data or begin with a search with a built-in search engine. The search engine can find artifacts such as documents, images, and videos or entities, which are individual terms pulled out of the artifacts by an analyst during the data extraction process.The data can also be edited to fit a specific search by using Lumifys built in filters, decreasing the amount of data that is useless for this specific search (pictured below). afterward the search results are found the user can use the graphic visualization tool.Graphic VisualizationAnalysis of big data can be complex, terabytes of data is combed through, in attempts to connect a common interest. Lumify makes the process of analyzation easier through graphic visualization. After the search is complete (shown above), the user can place the re sults on the graph through drag and drop. The user then can click on the results and load all related items or related items of a certain type, creating a relationship between the entities. The relationship between the entities can be created or Lumify can find a common interest.Map consolidationWhen loading data/entity in Lumify the data/entity can be affiliated to a geographical location, any entity/data that has a location, the location symbolisation will be seen next to the entity (pictured below).In the top left-hand niche of the (pictured below) the user can click the location menu and the global map will appear with the locations associated with the entities that were previously loaded.The user than can load data within a radius of the entity location and click to see results that relate to the location of your entity.The map and visual are fully compatible with each other, meaning whatever you do in one area of the database, the other tool is updated with the latest data .Lumify can be the leading BIG DATA analytical tool on the market because of its ability to display BIG DATA visually.ConclusionThe chances of cyber-attacks increase daily because of a dependency on the internet to achieve daily task, per Susan OBrien of Datameer, 99 percent of computers are open to attacks, nearly 1 million malware threats are released daily, and the estimated cost of cyber-crimes average a BILLION dollars Big data has already produced positive results in its efforts to shadow cyber threats, per security website HELPNETSECURITY federal agencies that effectively use big data analytics see improvements in cybersecurity. In fact, 84 percent of big data users scan their agency has successfully used big data analytics to thwart a cybersecurity attack and 90 percent have seen a decline in security breaches malware (50 percent), insider threats (47 percent), and social engineering (46 percent) because of using big data analytics. Evolving cyber threats demand a new g eneration of cyber tactics, big data is leading the way in making the internet and the world a safer place.We now receive in the era of Big Data. Whether we like it or not, companies are regularly collecting reams of information roughwhat us as we go virtually our daily lives. They are tracking us as we visit web sites. They also tracking while we are walking around stores, and as we purchasing products. While some of the information may be mundane, some of it can be highly sensitive, including very specific details rough our finances and our health status. To protect the data of our life there endlessly challenging for big organization and government agency.Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets and demands cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making. Variability is in the data flows velocity, which has cost-effectiveness and that leads to the producing of additional processors in cl oud systems to spread over the load which increases. The log data that are from devices flows into systems, the change and analysis can be done before the curation of data into persistent storage. Volume is the trait of the data set and identification of the big data. The cyber must also deal with a richer set of attributes for the resources which adds in a variety of other contextual datasets into the analysis. Variety is the Big Data attribute. This attribute enables most sophisticated cyber analytics. The mechanics is required to bring multiple and highly diverse datasets in ascendible way. The security can be obtained through a controlled metadata.We now live in the era of Big Data, whether we like it or not, companies are regularly collecting reams of information about us as we go about our daily lives, details about our finances and our health status. Ontologies for metadata helps to find out that is already existed, encompassing resources and attack event ontologies. Ontol ogy for metadata is for browsing and querying metadata. The ontology representations of the facts are full confidence in the data being described. While this metadata could be browsed manually, the real value comes if it can be actionable such that selections over the metadata ontology would automatically construct queries to the Big Data Machine learning technique the outflank to technique to protect big data. Government also has to take full action about how the big data have to handle to protect the personal information. So any big data collector or government agency have to take further step to protect the privacy of citizen.ReferencesOBrien, S. (2016, May 05). Challenges to Cyber Security How Big Data Analytics Can Help.Retrieved October 27, 2016, fromhttps//datameer-wp-production-origin.datameer.com/company/datameer-blog/challenges-to-cyber-security-and-how-big-data-analytics-can-help/Big Data to Fight Crime. (2015, June 10). Retrieved October 27, 2016, fromhttps//www.prom ptcloud.com/big-data-to-fight-cyber-crime/(2016, August 30). Retrieved October 27, 2016, fromhttps//www.helpnetsecurity.com/2016/08/30/feds-big-data-analytics-cybersecurity/Lumify Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, fromhttp//lumify.io/docs/Siegel, J. E. (2016). Data proxies, the cognitive layer, and application locality enablers of cloud-connected vehicles and next-generation internet of things (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).http//csi.utdallas.edu/events/NSF/NSF-workhop-Big-Data-SP-Feb9-2015_FINAL.pdfhttp//www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Gaddam-Securing-Your-Big-Data-Environment-wp.pdfceur-ws.org/Vol-1097/STIDS2013_P1_JanssenGrady.pdf

Terrorism has become a major concern in todays world

terrorism has croak a major concern in todays worldTerrorism is widespread around the world. On September 11, 2001, the attacks on New York non only inflicted thousands of casualties and significant economic impose on _or_ oppress, but too marked the beginning of a parvenu era of terror in which buffet-terrorism has give out one of the highest priorities for inter topic institutions and national governments. Ruinous events including the modern attacks in Madrid, London, Bali, and Mumbai look at placed fights against terrorism high on the policy-making agenda. As a result, many governments reacted not only by limiting civilized rights and individual freedoms but also by raising their budgets for anti-terror spending. Terrorism is utter as one of the main challenges to global shelter. This has led to terrorism impact a national social and economic reading. Hence, the virtually critical phylogeny of a strategy is how to number the threat and result of catastrophic terro rism while protecting public liberties. This essay give describe and prove the economic costs and overall consequences of terrorism for society, and thus provide and estimate several practicable solutions to counter-terrorism. These entangle governmental aids and international cooperation strategies.Terrorism has a complicated comment that has spread all over score discriminately describes in many expressions. Among the variety of definitions of the term be to realise regular social activity difficult to make high cooking stove impact on the public with the goal of destroying public confidence in their own government to seek revenge on everything without justice to bowel movement as much casualties as possible and to make physical torture and stupefying psychological emotions, such as a sense of grief, anxiety, fear, unrest, chaos, anger and panic (Drummond 2002 Loza 2007). Terrorism in reaction to political power or political orientation is not a new phenomenon. This type of political force force and crime has occurred since the dawn of human chronicle. The nature of this form of political counterpoint has changed over time, though, developing from domestic activities to regional and international events. Because of this, terrorism has become an experience shared by many individuals, organizations, and states. Nowadays, global terrorism has become a severe actuality in society. In the 19th century, some of the most famous events of terrorism happened by anarchists who murdered many political leaders. in that respect are several reasons have given for the use of terrorist movements. Franks (2009) points out that terrorist activities are advanced plans and beyond public expectation, the main elements are shocking, and illegal force versus common race and non-armed personnel for the sake of threatening or forcing civil population or a government to accept an underlying ideology of terrorism or armed attack of demands. Terrorist events are d epicted tally to the dynamic type of uncertainty. For instance, terrorists use suicide bombings, armed attacks, and kidnapping, to accomplish goals of inflicting damage against the military, people and government. Whatever terrorist attacks depend on, the terrorist facilities and locations and time of occurrence will read different outcomes.Terrorism has critically affected international economic consistency between the economy and led to panic. Recently, developments in terrorist acts, in go awayicular the 9/11 events have created vast collapses in the global economy. Lenain et al. (2002) mentioned that nearly 200,000 jobs were devastated and people have been forced to move out of New York City, and this is only temporary worker minimum. Manhattan has lost scores of businesses and about 30 percent of its office places have vanished. Furthermore, the damage of physical attribute was calculated sum of $14 one million million million for private businesses, thus the state and loc al government had spent at least $1.5 billion enterprises and $700 million for federal government. Following the cleanup, rescue and colligate costs have been calculated the sum of $11 billion. For trade and technical pluss, casualty insurers, the calculated costs arising from the 9/11 attacks in congeries $40 billion U.S. dollars. (Brown et al. 2002).The global tourism, financial markets and the airline industries had a long collision in short-term effect. Despite the global economy has vulcanised from the 9/11 event and adapting to the new global realities, thus the asset markets that around the world can feel the longer-term impact of security lay on the line in high-risk premiums, also the handling terrorism in shift for resources. In terms of its economic impact, the 9/11 attacks exacerbated the defects already find seen in the global economy in 2001. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2008) state that before the terrorist attacks, extensive economic depression in the unify Sta tes had already increased unemployment and evenly revealed global total demand fell on the back of flunk in the United States economy. Based on purchaser and merchant surveys, present decline in the overall confidence measured in the United States due to 9/11 attacks, and in other countries with similar in extent measure. Therefore, counter-terrorism procedures are required in order to settle the social, heathen and governmental panic caused by terrorism.As the result of the terrorism has sunk the whole world economical conditions, if the society and the government want to echo to the regular path and operation, counter-terrorism can be the only solution. Terrorism not only causes social problems, but inevitably aggravates international stability. That is why security is to encourage by governments to improve counter-terrorism in seven different methods development of terrorist detailed databases and relevant intelligence gathering Creation and use of third-force, by means of build special military units, or Special Weapons and tactical maneuver (SWAT) teams to deal with terrorist cases (Branscomb, 2004) Countries should signing and complete of new treaties Adequate use and development of anti-terrorist technologies Extended use of counter-terrorism intelligence and justice Signing and implement of new laws in violation of national and international terrorism (Boulden, 2009) Keep pretend terrorists and their supporters under surveillance. Therefore, governments could built an anti-terrorism systems such a system brings together advanced and diverse and technologies, reconnaissance missions, persistent intelligence and surveillance, to potential actions. Another rich way to defeat terrorism is by refusing resources to the terrorists. As Sandler and Enders (2004) emphasized, it is more robust to deny terrorists resources of financing, support groups, weapons, propaganda, recruits and intelligence. Rather than trying to protect wealth at risk which is extraordinarily hard or impossible in overhear of the extremely large amount of purpose and substitute possibilities. With use these shipway to hold terrorism will control the terrorist activities in actuality or potency.The stretch of international cooperation and mutual support should range from local law enforcement and source responders to corporations, states and regions, up to and including nations and international organizations. For example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an institution that combats terrorism at the international level that includes Russia, China, and the central Asia republics, sharing intelligence and has a cultivation program in Bishkek (Intriligator, 2009). Another suggestion has been the collection and apropos analysis of superior intelligence, both human and technologically be captured. Although the aims of counter terrorism require nations cooperation, government agencies lack for a common definition of the term terrorism. Thus, there have some of the perplexities that impede effectively counter-terrorism, these include the lacking of cooperation not only between countries that may have assistive terrorist information, but also among state agencies who have an interest in supervise terrorism. Mass of these entities are refuse to share information to each other, especially secret intelligence, only when they believe that it is in their short-term political benefits. Also, countries will need to rely more on good informants. Stewar (2009) claim that the mysterious nature of anti-terrorist organizations, including the inability to develop appropriate sources, and the lack of expertise in appropriate foreign languages caused many intelligence make it difficult for agencies to grow detailed information on terrorist organizations. Therefore, states should develop a holistic national database to track suspected terrorists and to permit criminal justice to integrate the appropriate infrastructure. These plausible so lutions will most definitely be useful in practicing counter-terrorism.In conclusion, counter terrorism will become an ineluctable part of our lives. Even though the immediate economic influence of the 9/11 events was devastating, consumer confidence and the stock markets recovered rapidly. Public cost on military operations and security is rising. The governments use counter-force in terms of anti-terrorism, carrying out inactive sanction in reality and disincentive policy to presumptive terrorists to reduce the event of terrorism. Countries and their national security agencies must also carefully proportionality the personal freedoms of citizens versus that of the pursuit of terrorists. Otherwise, there would be a lot of repression and the genuineness of the existing regime would be questionable. In reprisal of terrorist actions, there is always the initiative of collateral damage, especially when innocent civilians are detained, injury of death and when property is damaged or destroyed. Terrorist attacks will cause economic social and political panic therefore, every country should adopt complete policies and operations to resist terrorism, through governmental aids and international cooperation strategies. By solving the problems caused by terrorism, nationals will indubitably draw closer to a more symphonious and peaceful world.ReferencesAbadie, A Gardeazabal, J 2008, Terrorism and the world economy, European stinting Review, vol. 52, pp. 1-27.Boulden, J 2009, Terrorism and civil wars, Royal Military College of Canada, vol. 11, no.1, pp.5-21.Branscomb, L 2004, protect civil society from terrorism the search for a sustainable strategy, engine room in Society, vol. 26, pp. 271-285.Brown, JR, Kroszner, RS Jenn, BH 2002, Federal terrorism risk insurance, Nberworking Paper, vol. 9271.Drummond, JT 2002. How to fight terrorism alternatives to deterrence, refutation and Peace scotchs, vol. 14, pp. 237-249.Franks, J 2009, Rethinking the roots of terroris m beyond orthodox terrorism theory-a critical research agenda, Global Society, vol. 23, No. 2, pp154-176.Intriligator, MD 2009, The economics of terrorism, frugal Inquiry, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1-13.Lenain, P Bonturi, M V 2002 The economic consequences of terrorism, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Discussion Paper, vol. 20, pp. 22-30.Loza, W 2007, The psychology of extremism and terrorism a Middle-Eastern perspective, Aggression and violent Behavior, vol.12, pp.141-155.Sandler, T. and Enders, W. 2004, An economic perspective on transnational terrorism,European Journal of Political Economy, vol.20,pp.301-316.Stewar, MG 2009 , Risk-informed decision support for assessing the costs and benefits of counter-terrorism protective measures for Infrastructure, International Journal of minute Infrastructur protection, vol. 3,pp.29-40.

When Strategic Planning Goes Wrong Essay -- Business Management

When Strategic Planning Goes WrongNetflix, Inc.Where Are We sack?Strategic initiatives provide a roadmap of how to steer a high society towards its plentythe forward-looking perspective of where the phoner is going. A glimpse of where Netflix, Inc., the industry attraction in movie rentals, was planning to go was revealed in the middle of 2011. What the federation did not realize, at the time, was that it was headed for trouble.In July 2011, Netflix, Inc. announced that it would be changing the track its movie rental subscription plans would be priced. In the past, the lowest-priced subscription plan at $9.99which include both DVDs and unlimited video blowwould now be confused into two screen out plans priced at $7.99 each (See Appendix Key Dates) representing a 60% increase for both service levels. The next move for the company came in September when it was announced that the DVD rental and video cyclosis serve were going to be split off into two give way companies. The DVD-only service company would now be called Qwikster, while the video streaming service would remain under the Netflix, Inc name. By October, the company decided that it would shred the split off initiative and keep the two rental services as they wereback under one company.Why Are We loss This Way?The GoodGiven the nature of the market demand for news bulletin viewing offered through streaming media, the initial need to split the companyand the two rental service levelsinto separate entities was a natural focalization for Netflix. From an operational perspective, the two services require different resource capabilities and the expertness to manage them. In the case of the DVD service, this business unit requires assets that go with a more traditional ... ...any, called Qwikster, will be completely separate from the streaming business.October 10 The Company has killed off Qwikster before the DVD-only service announced in September even launched.Works Cited Lexis Nexis. Corpo rate Affiliations. N/A. http//0-www.corporateaffiliations.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu/ reviewer/companyProfile.asp (accessed April 19, 2012). Fundinguniverse.com. Company Histories & Profiles N Netflix, Inc. 2012. http//www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Netflix-Inc-Company-History.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. July 2011. http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/12/netflix-price-subscription-plan_n_895779.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. September 2011. http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/19/qwikster-netflix-streaming-dvds_n_969135.html (accessed April 19, 2012).

The Role and Structure of Greek Tragedy in Philip Roth’s Eli the Fanati

The Role and Structure of Hellenic Tragedy in Philip Roths Eli the Fanatic When champions in nuisancephysical, mental, or madone always believes it is worsened than everyone elses. Yet when an acquaintance bemoans a great(p) day, one still manages to wave it off it could not be worse than ones own pain. Even if it is a past pain and there ar only scars, those scars are tenderer than the friends stream sores. Individuals forget that anguish can be shared and anothers intervention can diminish it. This theme has been around for millennia and was particularly explored in the works of Greek tragedians. In Eli, the Fanatic Philip Roth employs structural and thematic elements of Greek tragedy to illustrate that human beings can be responsible for apiece others suffering. One of the essential elements of Greek tragedy, that of the emit, can be filled in by Ted, Shirley, and even Miriam. They are the residents of Woodenton who call Eli. Traditionally, the chorus pl ays an active role and can be a sounding and advising get on for the protagonist. Ted in particular tries to advise Eli and, like the customary chorus, he represents the masses, the people, in this particular case the town of Woodenton. As Ted informs Eli, The Jewish members of the community found me, Artie, and Harry to -2see what could be done (276). The Greek chorus, in Greek tragedy, represents the masses and often manages to counterpoint the protagonist, and Teds near-fanatical grudgeagainst the Yeshiva for certain counterpoints with Elis growing benevolence toward them. In Roths context, the residents of Woodenton, the Chorus, also serve as acounterpoint to Elis guilt. Eli becomes concerned over the Greenies happiness a... ...s Eli who, as he awakens to the laws of Gods, also becomes aware that just as there are laws beyond those he preaches, there is pain beyond his own. Greek tragedies were successful in that they taught viewers how to extend their compassion, a nd Roth duplicates this motive. He suggests that if one is willing to accept the laws of God, then one can also armed service others. It is an idealistic message perhaps, but when one is suffering, one wants to believe that others are concerned, even if they dont physically share the pain. -7Works CitedMcDonald, Marianne. Seamus Heaneys Cure at Troy Politics and Poetry. Classics Ireland. 1996. University College Dublin. 13 Feb. 2006. ssics/classicsinfo/96/McDonald96.html Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. NY time of origin International, 1959.

The Republic by Plato Essay -- essays research papers

The Republic by PlatoAt the beginning of Book I, we are introduced to the narrator, Socrates, and his audience of peers. We are do aware, however, of Socrates special charm and intellectual gifts through the insistence of Polemarchus and the a nonher(prenominal) manpower for the pleasure of his comp whatever. The tone is casual and langu years and modes of expression rather simple, as is comm just now the case in Platos dialogues. However, Platos unaffected style serves at least two purposes. For one it belies the complexity and elevation of the ideas, thus it is in parcel out with Socrates characteristic irony itself, which draws the "fool" in by feigned ignorance, only so that the master can show that he does not bonk what he thinks he knows. And second, the plainness of style comple handsts truth and wisdom, the aim of entirely the dialogues, which by nature are aphoristic. In Socrates conversation with Cephalus, the proper start to aging and the state of old age is addressed. Although other men Cephalus age commonly complain that for them, "life is no longer life," Cephalus feels that they misattribute discomfort and unhappiness resulting from their defective characters to advanced age. Building on a statement by Sophocles, Cephalus concludes, "he who is of a calm and happy nature will only feel the pressure of age." Socrates inquiry as to whether Cephalus happiness owes to the comfort of wealth demands a qualification of this position? That while a mans nature in the end determines his peace of mind in old age wealth is overly an undeniably important factor. The passage concerning justice illustrates Socrates dexterous intellect and his give chase skepticism. Playful and humorous at times, the conversation ends, at several points, in absurd--and apparently inexorable--conclusions such as that the just man is a thief. What is at work here is another type of irony, in which Socrates and his auditors accept as a temporary r esolution what the dialogues audience, i.e. the reader, cannot. Here, Plato grants the reader space to think for himself. A central problem with Polemarchus definition (borrowed from Simonides) a form of conventional theology of justice, "doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies," is the vulnerability of its individual terms. Not surprisingly, Socrates probes each one, exposing any and all weaknesses or limitatio... ...es itself on the wisdom. The nouss of the wicked are a much complicated issue, for, insofar as they are immortal, evil cannot destroy them. However, Plato warns, thither are various manifest parts to the soul, and evil-doing damages these. And unjust men also injure their own bodies and the bodies of others. In any case the futurity is what is most important there the good soul enjoys the benefits it may or may not have experienced in life. The moral of the story of Er, if we may drain it of its color, is that of the eternal return, or recurre nce. After death the soul is ultimately judged. This judgment determines the owner of the souls order of choice in split up for the next life. Then, whatever wisdom he has accumulated previously helps him light upon his choice when his lot comes up. Both moments are essential because they represent choices among good and evil. One is an ongoing choice, alive in mortal life, and the other is the ultimate choice the sum of what the soul has learned in life. valet is responsible for his own behavior, says Plato. And the final twist is that, it seems, the wise man does not really forget, since if he is truly wise he will distinguish yet another wise existence.

Rate of Reaction Coursework Essay -- GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investi

Rates of ReactionA chemic chemical reaction can only occur amidst particleswhen they collide (hit severally other).Particles may be atoms, ions or molecules. there is a minimum amount of thrustwhich colliding particles need in order to react with each other.If the colliding particles have less(prenominal) than this minimum energythen they just bounce off each other and no reaction occurs.This minimum energy is called the activation energy.The fleet the particles are going, the more energy they have.Fast moving particles are more likely to react when they collide.You can make particles move more cursorily by heating them up(raising the temperature).Changing the Rate of a Reaction.There are 5 ways to increase the grade of a chemical reaction.They are all understood in terms of collision theory.The rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by1) Raising the temperature.2) Increasing the concentration (in resolution).3) Increasing the pressure (in gases).4) Increasing the ori ginate area of a solid.5) Use a catalyst.Measuring the Rate.The reaction between sodium thiosulphate solutionand dilute hydrochloric acid.HCl + sodium thiosulphate arrowsodium chloride + sulphur dioxide +sulphur + water.HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) arrow NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l)The solid sulphur (S(s)) formed in this reactionmakes the colorless solution go cloudy.The reaction is usually carried out in a flaskfulplaced on a piece of white paper which has a ...

Freedom and Virtue in John Miltons Comus and Areopagitica :: Comus and Areopagitica Essays

Freedom and honorin John Miltons Comus and Areopagitica The martyred author of Utopia, Sir Thomas More-executed for betrayal against the king-is credited with the final words, If I must live in a world in which I cannot act within my conscience, I do not wish to live Generations later, the fiery patriotism and explicit equity of Patrick Henry led him to utter the renowned Give me Liberty or give me death Along the same lines of these two men, John Miltons Areopagitica argues that the aggregate of life is freedom to choose how one lives it. In another of Miltons works, the masquerade costume play Comus, the Elder Brothers resignments concerning virtue establish some of the foundations for his argument in the work he wrote in order to deliver the press from the restraints with which it was limit (716). The root of Miltons assertions lies in his complete hope in the prevailing of virtue. In these two works, confidence in virtue and in the ability of untroubled men to practice it is crucial. The first part of the Elder Brothers statement is, in fact, a comment on confidence, in response to his brothers question concerning the bad odds stacked against the Lady, their sister. He says, Yes, and keep confidence still,/ Lean on it safely . . . against the threats/ Of malice or of sorcery, or that power/ Which erring men promise Chance (584-588). The Elder Brothers remarks show that he believes in the jubilate of the disembodied spirit against all odds, including the Fates and Fortune. As he states, this I hold firm/ Virtue may be assaild but never hurt,/ Surprisd by unjust military group but not enthralld, because it is founded upon the will and arm of Heavn (588-600). Miltons argument in the Areopagitica holds authorized to these ideas also, that we must dumbfound confidence in virtue and its ability to triumph everyplace all trials and temptations because-if it is truly of God-it will stand predominant over all evils. In outlining his argument, Milto n reminds his audience over and over of the duty they have to trust in the virtue of their fellow men just as God allowed Adam to have the choice to err, so must the state give men the right to choose, to try their own ideas of virtue. The Spirit describes owing(p) Comus . . . whose pleasing poison

Distillation Essay -- essays papers

DistillationAbstract This report outlines the steps interpreted to break open a 5050 by volume neutral spirits and isopropanol side stream. The resulting separation must contain no much than 3% alcohol impurity in each product. A testing ground chromatography column, run at total reflux, was utilized to scale up to a forty foot high by one foot diam column. The laboratory column allowed the team up to determine desiccation velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 edge Pro-Pakq packing. HETP is defined as the whirligig of packing divided by the military issue of theoretical column stages. The column consisted of four main sections packing, controls, a reboiler, and a condenser. To complete the vaporisation velocity vs. HETP relationship, the vapor velocity must be found. The vapor velocity was found using a system cypher balance. The throw vapor velocity was determined to be 4.85 ft/hr. However, this vapor velocity did not result in the column flooding thus the s caled-up column is not intentional to its full potential. Ideally, distillation columns should be designed at 70-80% of the flooding velocity. The column HETP was found by use of the Fenske comparison and was determined to be an average of 4.55 inches. As a result of the design parameters from the experimental column, the following design is proposed the column will run at a vapor velocity of 4.85 ft/hr and will catch a HETP of 4.30 inches. This will result in a packing height of 38.7 feet. The reboiler will determine over an area of 113.52 ft2 and the area of the condenser will have a value of 45.54 ft2 in which heat exchange will take place. Introduction A chemical plant spends approximately 50 to 90% of capital investment on separation equipment (1,1) Therefore, the ability to utilize a small laboratory column and to scale-up a column is an important science for a chemical engineer. This report will outline the steps taken to design a packed distillation column . The column needs to separate a 5050 mixture of ethanol and isopropanol into a distillate stream containing no more than 3 wt% isopropanol and a bottoms stream containing no more than 3 wt% ethanol. The design of the full-scale column was based on a laboratory simulation column. This column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. Once the simulation vapor velocities are determined, they can ... .../hr)/*(1/0.0154 kmol/L)*(1/(p(.25)2ft2)*(0.0159 kmol/L) (p(1)2(ft)) = 6.857567 kmol/hrMWAVG,D = 46.493 kg/kmolVD = (6.857567 kmol/hr) * (46.493 kg/kmol)VD = 318.82886 kg/hr*Equation of Top Operating Liney = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97) = 0.912779x + 0.084605*Distillate RateR = (V-D)/D = 10.4651318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651DD = 27.808642 (kg/hr)R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = LL = 291.02022 (kg/hr)*Bottoms Flow RateL/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB) R(z -xB) + q (xD-xB) -(xD-z) z= hunt mole fraction of ethanol q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid)L/V = 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) -(0.97-0.567)L/V = 1.05L/V = (VB + 1)/ VB = 1.05VB = 20 B = V/ VB = (318.82886 kg/hr)/20 = 15.941443 (kg/hr)*Feed Flow RateF = D + B = 15.941443 (kg/hr) + 318.82886 (kg/hr) = 334.7703 kg/hr*Bottom Operating Liney = (L/V)x - ((L/V)-1) xB = 1.05x - 0.0015* Condenser Heat craftQCOND = V * DHVAP DHVAP = xETOH * DHVAP,ETOH + xISOP * DHVAP,ISOPQCOND =